SLAVERY 



SLAVS 



1787 and 1830. The Methodist Episcopal Church 

 alw ii\ s cherished strong anti-slavery views ; 

 though when in 1844 one of their bishops was 

 suspended for refusing to emancipate slaves lie had 

 inherited through his wife, a secession took place, 

 and the Southern Methodist Episcopal Church was 

 fin-in. -.1. Individuals and groups of persons of 

 almost all churches were found defending slaver}'. 

 In 1835 the Charleston Baptist Association resolved 

 that the right of masters to dispose of their slaves 

 had heen di-tim-iK recognised hy the Creator. 

 In 1836 a North Carolina liishop strongly com- 

 mended for publication a sermon which declared 

 that without a new revelation from heaven no 

 man was authorised to pronounce H|:IVCIT wrong. 

 In 1838 the New School Presbyterian Church in 

 Petersburg, Virginia, protested against a resolu- 

 tion of the General Assembly declaring slavery a 

 sin against God, pronounced that resolution irre- 

 concilable with American civil institutions, and 

 affirmed that the relation of master and slave had 

 been recognised by the great Head of the Church. 

 Yet, on the whole, anti-slavery views grew steadily ; 

 but until the crisis of the civil war very many of 

 those who personally held strong anti-slavery 

 opinions hesitated to join actively in abolitionist 

 agitation, as unwilling to invade what many of 

 their fellow-citizens held to be their indisputable 

 rights. To this halting attitude the war put an 

 end. 



Mohammedanism (q.v.) recognises the institu- 

 tion ; Mohammed's own precepts insist on the 

 kindly usage of the slave ; and Moslem slavery 

 is mainly domestic slavery, household slaves being 

 on the whole well treated. But there is no more 

 awful chapter in the history of human callousness 

 and human misery than the story of the slave-trade 

 as carried on by ' Arab ' or Moslem slave-traders, 

 its main tracks from the interior of Africa to the 

 coast being still in many places marked by the 

 whitened bones of slaves who during the ages have 

 sunk in the way, fallen out of the caravans in 

 spite of the lash, and have died or been slaughtered 

 to save trouble. The main regions from which slaves 

 were procured for the Moslem East were, or still are, 

 the Soudan proper, the Egyptian Soudan, or Valley 

 of the Upper Nile, Somali Land, and the borders 

 of the Portuguese East African territory. English 

 and other men-of-war have long been employed in 

 capturing slave-dhows on the east coast. In 1869 

 the Egyptian Khedive Ismail gave Sir Samuel 

 Baker large powers for the suppression of the 

 slave-trade, a crusade carried on by Gordon Pasha. 

 The sultan of Zanziluir signed a treaty for the 

 suppression of the trade in 1873. By occupying 

 Caucasia, Russia stopped an important (apply 

 for the Turkish harems ; it also closed the slave- 

 markets of Khiva and Bokhara, and by crushing 

 the Turkomans (Tekkes and others) freed at once 

 40,000 slaves. Cardinal Lavigerie, who became 

 nrchbihop of Algiers in 1867, made the suppres- 

 sion .'.f the slave-trade and slavery his life woi k, 

 ami secured the help of many zealous fellow- 

 workers, men and women. The progress of the 

 Congo Free State, the foundation of missions in 

 the ^TyasHa country, and the encouragement of 

 legitimate trade by the British Eat Africa Com- 

 pany and the German settlements will, it is hoped, 

 tend still more effectually to put an end to this 

 corse of mankind. It has been said that tin- 

 African slave trade will not finally cease till the 

 African elephant is extinct, as the carrying of ivory 

 to the coast has heretofore only leeii practicable 

 by slave lalniur. Conferences of the civilised 

 powers have re|>eatedly been held with a view to 

 the further restriction of domestic slavery (the 

 entire suppression of which at once is hopeless) and 

 the total prevention of the slave-trade. 



See Walton, Uutoire de FEttiataye dam FAntiavitt 

 CM fil. 1879); O rote's Hittorv of Greece; Lightfoot'i 

 Commentary on Colouiatu ; Hallam's Miilillc Agtt ; 

 Sugenlu-im, (Jetchiehte der Aufhfbunader Leitnigen.- 

 in A'urojxi (1H61); Engelmann, Die Leibrujcntehaft m 

 JbmIcHU(lW4); Fnstel d Coulanges, The Oriijin of 

 Property in Land ( Eng. trans. 1891 ) ; Freeman's Kor- 

 man Conquett Stuubn s Conttitutional History (1874- 

 78); Tborold Kogen' Work and Wage* (1885); See- 

 buuiu'i Enyluh Village Community (1883) ; Vii.oyraduff, 

 Villaiiiaye in Knylantl ( 1891 ) ; the article FEfDALlHM ; 

 Button's Slartry and Freedom in He Britirli W,,t 

 India; Clarluou's Uutury of the Stave-trade: Sir 

 L. Playfair, The Scourye of Chriitrndom (1884); SL 

 Lane-Poole, The Bartmry Conairt (1890); French 

 histories of flavery by Luroque and Villiard ; Theo- 

 dore Parker's Diicourtct on Slarery; W. E. Chan- 

 ning's Slarery ; Mrs Beecher Stowe's Keii to Uncle 

 Tom't Cabin (1863); J. E. Crimes, The Slave Paver 

 (1SS2); l.oldwin Smith. Doei the Bible Sanction Ameri- 

 can Slarery t (1863) ; H. C. Carey, The Slare-lraae (N\w 

 York, 1863); O. B. Frothinghaui, The Abolition of 

 Slarery (1878); H.Wilson, JJittory of the Kite ami fall 

 of the Stare Power in America ( 1872) ; G. W. Williams, 

 Hittory of Uie Nepro Race in America (1882) ; E. W. 

 Blyden, Ckrittianity, Jilam, and the Nefiro Xace (ISffl ) ; 

 Klein, Cardinal Lavigene (Paris, 1890). See also the 

 works of Burton, Baker, liarth. Gordon, Stanley, Thomson, 

 &c. ; and for 'blackbirding' in the Pacific, we COOLIES. 



Slavonia. See CROATIA. 



Slavophils. See PANSLAVISM. 



Slavs, or SLAVONIANS (native name, Slovene or 

 XttH-tiiir, probably connecte<l with slovu, 'a word,' 

 thus meaning the people who spoke intelligibly as 

 distinguished from their neighbour, \ic>/u-ts, the 

 (icrnian, literally the 'dumb man ;' this opinion is 

 held by the majority of scholars, but lacks the 

 support of Miklosich, who considers both to be 

 tribal names), the general appellation of a group of 

 nations belonging to the Aryan family, whose 

 settlements extended from the Ell>e to Kamchatka, 

 from the Frozen'Sea to Kalonica, the whole of eastern 

 Europe being occupied almost exc hisively by them. 

 They were settled in this continent \iefore the 

 historical times, as their migrations are never 

 mentioned, and some modern scholars Penka, 

 Poesche, and others regard them as inhabitants of 

 Euroj>e from the earliest period, and even assign 

 the cradle of the human race to White Russia. It 

 seems probable from the description given in the 

 fourth Irnok of Herodotus that at least one of the 

 Scythian tril)es, the Hudini, was Slavonic, and to 

 it may perhaps 1* added that of the Neuri. The 

 original names of the Slavonic tribes seem to have 

 Ix-en Winds or Wends ( 1'inali) or Serbs. The 

 former of these names occurs among the Roman 

 writers, and later, in Jordanis, in connection with 

 the commercial peoples of the Baltic ; the latter is 

 s|Kiken of by Procopius as the ancient name com- 

 mon to the whole Slavonic stock. The earliest 

 historical notices represent the Slavs as having 

 their chief settlements about the Carpathians, from 

 which they spread northward to the Baltir. e*t 

 ward as far as the E!l>e and the Saal, and later, 

 after the overthrow of the kingdom of the Huns, 

 southward beyond the Danulm, and over the whole 

 iH'iiinsula between the Adriatic and the Black Sc-.-i. 

 These migrations ceased in the 7th century ; the 

 division of the Slavonic stock into separate 

 branches became now more complete, and gradually 

 they l>egan to form independent states. The 

 tions of the stock may be divided into two groups, 

 the south-eastern and the western ; the first com 

 prebends (1) the Russians, (2) Bulgarian)*, (3) 

 Illyrians (Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes) ; the second 

 (1) LecliH (Poles, Silesinns, Pomeranians), (2) 

 Czechs or Bohemians ( C/echs or Chekhs, Moravians, 

 Slovaks), (3) the Slavonic trilies of north Germany, 

 among whom are to be reckoned the Polabes. The 

 only tribes who have preserved their language are 



