SLEIDANUS 



SLESWICK 



507 



cranial Circulation (Edin. 1890); Carpenter, Mental 

 Physiolopv ( laud. 1874); Durham, PkysMor/y of Sleep 

 (Guy's Hosp. Keporta, 1860) ; Fleming, 'On Sleep,' Brit, 

 and For. Med. Chir. Rev. (1865); Hammond, Wakeful- 

 , &c. (Phila. 1865); Holland, Mental Philos. (Lond. 

 1858 ) ; Lemoine, Du Sommeil au Point de Vue Phys. et 

 Ptychol. ( Paris, 1855 ) ; Lyman, Intomnia ( Chicago, 

 1885 ) ; Marvand, Le Sommeil et I'lmomnie ( Paris, 1881 ) ; 

 Moore, On Going to Sleep (Lond. 1868); Mosso, Hullo, 

 Circolaz. del Samjue nel Cenello. &c. ( Rome, 1880 ) ; 

 Pflugger, Tlieoriedet ScUafei ( Pflugger's Archiv, 1875); 

 Serguiyeff, Phytiol. de la VeUle et du Sommeil (Paris, 

 1890) ; Vulpian, Leforu tur fAppareil vato-motfur 

 (Phyiiol. et Pathol. ) faitet a la. Facul. de Mfd. de Para 

 (torn. ii. ). In reference to sleeplessness the following 

 may be referred to : Bride, Sommeil et TIntomnie de* 

 VieiUardt (Lyona, 1888); Fouquet, L'lmomnie (Montp. 

 1867); Hammond, Sleep and it Deranjemrntt (Phila. 

 1869) ; Macfarlane, Intomnia and it Therapeutic! 

 (Lond. 1890); De Mussy, Sur VInsomnie (Paris, 1866); 

 Pierrot, L'lmomnie (Strasb. 1869) ; Sawyer, Caute and 

 Cure of Intomnia ( Lond. 1886 ). and many other papers 

 in medical journals. See also the articles ANAESTHESIA, 

 CATALEPSY, COMA, DBEAMINO, HYPNOTISM, INSANITY, 

 NARCOTICS, SOMNAMBULISM. 



In Plants, sleep is one of the phenomena of 

 Irritability (q. v. ). Light acts on plants as a 

 powerful stimulus, essential to their active and 

 healthful vegetation. When it is withdrawn the 

 flowers of many plants close, and the greater 

 number show a tendency to it, whilst leaves more 

 or less decidedly incline to fold themselves up. 

 The leaf-stalk also generally hangs down more or 

 less, although in some plants it is more erect 

 during sleep. The sleep of plants, however, is not 

 always nocturnal. The flowers of some open and 

 close at particular hours of the day. Thus, the 

 crocus is a morning flower, and closes soon after 

 mid-day ; whilst some flowers expand only in the 

 evening or during the night. It was Linnieus 

 who first observed the sleep of plants in watching 

 the progress of some plants of lotus, the seeds or 

 which he had sown. The periodic movements of 

 plants, of which sleep is one, have various uses. 

 The opening of flowers in the morning and the 

 closing in the evening is related to pollination ; the 

 folded petals protect the stamens and other sensi- 

 tive parts from excessive cooling or wetting. The 

 rising and falling of foliage leaves is useful in the 

 same way, and preserves the chlorophyll-bearing 

 tissue from injury; the extended position is 

 adapted for temperatures and intensities of light 

 that are favourable to assimilative activity. See 

 PLANTS (MOVEMENTS OF), and VEGETABLE PHYSI- 

 OLOGY. 



SIri<l;miis. JOHANNES, whose proper name 

 was PHILIPPSON, a writer of history, was horn at 

 Schleiden, in the neighbourhood of Aix-la-Chapelle, 

 in 1506, and having t>een trained to the law he 

 entered the service ( 1537) of Francis I. of France. 

 But becoming a convert to Protestantism he was 

 dismissed ( 1541 ) ; and for the rest of his life he was 

 ambassador of the Protestant princes of Germany, 

 and represented them at the court of England and 

 at the Council of Trent. He died at Strasburg on 

 31st October 1556. His name lives as the author 

 of a history of the reign of Charles V. a well- 

 written, impartial work entitled De Statu Religionis 

 et Rei/tublirce Carolo V. Ccesare Commentarii ( 1555 ; 

 best ed. Frankfort, 1785-86, 3 vols.). Baumgarten 

 edited the Letters of Sleidanns (1881) and wrote a 

 Life of him (1878). 



Sleighs, or SLEDGES, are travelling vehicles 

 without wheels, which in some form are in use in 

 all countries where snow lies for any considerable 

 part of the year. Usually they are on runners 

 either one or two pairs which are connected by a 

 framewo/k and support the body of the vehicle ; 

 but the well-known travelling-sledge (pulkha) of 



the Laplanders, built in the form of a canoe, with 

 sharp bow and square stern, of light materials and 

 covered with reindeer skin, has no runners. In 

 the northern United States and in Canada, where 

 sleighs are brought to great perfection, lightness, 

 and beauty, they take the place of carriages in 

 winter ; and there too sleds of lighter build, and 

 supporting a light platform or seat, are made for 

 coasting i.e. sliding down hills. Long sleds for 

 this purpose, sometimes capable of carrying forty 

 persons, nave two pairs of runners with their frame- 

 work, on which a platform reste (often like a ladder, 

 covered with a cushion) ; the front pair of runners 

 is turned on a pivot by a steersman with the aid of 

 ropes and pulleys. In Canada toboggans are in 

 popular use for coasting (here called tobogganing), 

 and consist of a single length of wood (or two 

 boards joined together), about J inch thick, curved 

 backward in front, and the curved portion held 

 back by leather thongs. The toboggan of coui-se 

 has no runners, may accommodate two to eight 

 persons, and is guided by the steersman's foot drag- 

 ging behind, toe downward. In Russia sleighs are 

 often drawn by a team of three horses (troika). 



Sleswick (Danish Slesvig ; Ger. Schleswig) 

 forms, united with the former duchies of Holstem 

 and Lanenburg, a province of Prussia, having the 

 Baltic Sea and the territories of Liibeck and 

 Mecklenburg for its eastern boundary, Hamburg 

 and Hanover for its southern, the North Sea for 

 its western, and Jutland (Denmark) for its north- 

 ern. Area, 7273 sq. m. It belongs to the alluvial 

 peninsula of Jutland, its eastern half being an un- 

 dulating plain and its western a series of low-lying 

 but very fertile marsh-lands, protected from the 

 ocean by sea- banks. The eastern coast (230 miles) 

 is deeply indented by several long narrow arms 

 of the sea called fjords, some of which make excel- 

 lent harbours, and alongside it lie the large islands 

 of Fehmern and Alsen. The western coast is more 

 regular, but very low ; and a string of low islands 

 (Sylt, Fiihr, Pellworm, Nordstrand, and others) 

 and sandbanks stretching right in front of it pro- 

 tect it to some extent from the waves of the North 

 Sea. The Elbe (on the southern border) and the 

 Eider are the most important rivers ; but the 

 province is crossed by the North Sea and Baltic 

 Canal (61 miles long), the Eider Canal (20), the 

 Stecknitz Canal (35), and two or three shorter 

 ones. The chief occupations of the people are 

 agriculture, cattle-feeding, shipbuilding, and navi- 

 gation. Corn and fat cattle are exported, the 

 latter (of an excellent breed) in large numbers to 

 England. Nearly 87 per cent, of the total area is 

 under cultivation. Fishing is carried on in the 

 inlets of the Baltic, and there are protitable oyster- 

 bnls amongst the sandbanks of the North Sea. 

 Flensburg is the chief seaport. Pop. (1890) 

 1,217,393 i.e. for Sleswick and Holstein combined. 

 Of this number nearly all belong to the Low Ger- 

 man stock (except 140,000 Danes in the north), 

 and are Protestants in religion. Sleswick-Holstein 

 sends 10 members to the imperial parliament, and 

 19 to the Prussian house of representatives, and li;is 

 an assembly of its own consisting of 58 members. 



At the dawn of history Sleswick was inhabited 

 by the Cimhri ; they were succeeded by the Angles, 

 Jutes, and Frisians. But the greater part of the 

 Angles crossed over into England, and their place 

 was taken by Danes. When Charlemagne reduced 

 the Saxons to his sway the Danish king built a 

 wall from sea to sea alongside the Eider, the 

 southern frontier of his domains, to protect him- 

 self against the emperor's attacks. And from that 

 time (808) for 350 years Sleswick alternated be- 

 tween the Danish and the imperial yoke, its duke 

 paying homage sometimes to the king of the Danes, 

 sometimes to the German emperor. In 1157 the 



