508 



Sl.KSNVICK 



8L1GO 



duchy was definitively united with the Danish king- 

 dom. Meanwhile Holstein to the south was con- 

 quered and christianised l>v Charlemagne and his 

 successors, and the conntHhip of Holstein formed 

 in 934 by the German king Henry I. Between 

 1157 and 12*25 this southern part of the peninsula 

 was subject to the rule of Denmark. Prom the 

 year 1386 the Danish duchy of Sleswick and the 

 German countship of Holstein had one common 

 ruler, the Count of Holstein having fallen heir 

 to the former dignity in that year. About tiltv 

 years earlier a coinpact had been made, the Con- 

 stitntiv \\'aldemariaiM, by which it was solemnly 

 agreed that the crown of Denmark and the duchy 

 of Sleswick shoul<l not in future be held by the 

 same individual ruler. In spite of this agreement, 

 however, Kinx Christian I. of Denmark possessed 

 himself of Ixith Sleswick and Holstein, and, having 

 in 1474 acquired from tin- Emperor Frederick III. 

 the suzerainty of Ditmarsh, he converted the 

 countehip of Holstein into a duchy. The sons of 

 the next Danish king divided his territories amongst 

 them after his decease, and their immediate suc- 

 cessors still farther subdivided them; but event- 

 ually they were all gathered up again ( 1581 ) under 

 the heads of the royal line ( Gliickstadt ) and the 

 ducal line (Gottorp). The latter held Sleswick as 

 a fief of Denmark and Holstein as a lief of the 

 German empire ; nevertheless the king of Denmark 

 ruled in several detached portions of both duchies. 



Ten years after the conclusion of the Thirty Years' 

 War the Duke of Sleswick (Frederick III.), backed 

 by his son-in-law Charles X. of Sweden, declared 

 himself an independent and sovereign prince. This 

 the Danish kings all along resented, and at length, 

 when Charles XII. of Sweden was routed at Pul- 

 towa, Frederick IV. of Denmark grasped ( 1721 ) 

 the opportunity, invaded Sleswick, expelled the 

 duke, and seized his territories in that duchy. The 

 heads of the ducal line became, one in 1751 king 

 of Sweden, the other (the nominal duke) in 1762 

 emperor (Paul III.) of Russia, and soon ceased to 

 take any interest in Sleswick- Holstein, the whole 

 of which (both duchies) was formally given up to 

 the king of Denmark in 1767. On the dissolution 

 of the German empire in 1806 Holstein was united 

 with the Danish crown, but was reincorporated 

 in the German Confederation by the Congress of 

 Vienna in 1815. From 1767 the Danish sovereigns 

 had steadily endeavoured to make the duchies 

 thoroughly Danish and to reduce them to com- 

 plete dependence upon the Danish crown. At 

 length in 1846 King Christian VIII. proclaimed 

 that the law of succession in Sleswick should be 

 the same as for the Danish crown in other words, 

 that Sleswick was to be made an integral part of 

 the Danish kingdom. This action, as well as the 

 refusal of the king to summon the common estates 

 of the joint duchies, was warmly and actively 

 resented by the people of Sleswick and by the 

 < icrman party in liotli Sleswick and Holstein. At 

 l-n-tli (March isisi the latter, headed by Count 

 licventlow and Prince Frederick of Augustenhnrg, 

 rose in revolt. They found a zealous supporter in 

 I'i'-derick William IV. of Pnissia, who made him- 

 self the executive agent of the German Confedera- 

 tion. War began in March 1848; several severely 

 contested battles, as at Diippel, were fought 

 before peace was maile in the end of is.i'i. 

 Through the intervention of Austria matters were 

 for a time put on a footing satisfactory to the 

 people of the two duchies so far at leant as fair 

 words and fine promises could go. The Danes, 

 however, still pursued their policy of forcible 

 denationalisation in both Holstein and Sleswick. 

 The death of King Frederick VII. of Denmark in 

 tln> end of 1863 brought the question of succession 

 to a crisis ; for Frederick of Augustenburg pro- 



claimed himself Iluke of Sleswick, to which title 

 (lie new king of Denmark likewise laid claim. 

 Austria and Prussia called up. , M Duke Frederick 

 to abdicate and leave the duchy, and forbade 

 Denmark to proclaim a constitution for it. Both 

 refused to obey. Thereupon the two power* 

 took up arms against the northern kingdom, and 

 after a short but decisive campaign wrested both 

 llolstein and Sleswick from tin- I lanes. How they 

 dhidcd their conquest between them, and then 

 quarrelled over the division, and how Austria came 

 out of the conflict thoroughly worsted, has IM-CII 

 already told under Germany (q.v., p. 183). Since 

 the conclusion of that war ( 1866 ) Sleswick-Holstein 

 has constituted a province of the kingdom of 

 Prussia. In the northern part of Sleswick, mainly 

 Danish in population. German measures, such as 

 the compulsory use of the German language in 

 schools, iV' 1 ., have been considered oppressive ; and 

 so recently as 1898 the German government was 

 expelling recalcitrant Danes across the frontier. 



Sleswick, the capital of Sleswick-Holstein, stands 

 on the Schlei inlet of the Baltic, -_'S miles N\V. of 

 Kiel. It was a great trading town in the 9th cen- 

 tury, and has a ( Gothic cathedral and the Gottorp 

 Castle. Pop. ( 1885) 15,187 ; (1895) 17,255. 



Slirkrnsiih's are the smooth, puli-hed. or 

 striated, ami generally glazed surfaces of joints 

 and faults (see DISLOCATION) in rocks, produced 

 by the friction of the two surfaces during the 

 movement of the rock. The surface of slicken- 

 sides is often coated with a deposition of calcite, 

 haematite, chalcedony, or the like. 



Sliding Scale. See CORN LAWS.; TRADE 

 I "MOSS, Vol. X. p. 265. 



Nligo, a maritime county of the province of 

 Connaught, Ireland, is Ixmnded on the N. by the 

 Atlantic and the Bav of Donegal, S. by Roscommon 

 and Mayo, E. by Roscommon and Leitrim, and 

 W. by Mayo. It is 41 miles from E. to W. , and 

 38 from X. to S. ; the total area is 461,796 

 acres. Pop. ( 1841 ) 180,886; ( 1861 ) 124,845 ; ( 1881 ) 

 1 1 1 ,578 ; ( 1891 ) 98,338 a decrease of 11 -9 per cent. 

 About 91 per cent, are Roman Catholics. The 

 coast-line is indented with bays, the largest being 

 Killala Bay and the Bay of Sligo. The surface 

 rises gradually from the coast as far as the Slieve 

 Gamph and the Ox Mountains (1778 feet). Sligo 

 contains some picturesque lakes, especially Lough 

 Arrow and Lough Gill. The streams are incon- 

 siderable ; but three the Moy, Owenmore, and 

 Garvogue are to some extent navigable. Iron is 

 abundant and copper occurs, but neither is worked. 

 The climate is moist, mild, and healthy. The soil 

 is in part sandy loam, in part a deep rich loam. 

 The chief occupation is agriculture ; until some 

 years back the j>eople were chiefly engaged in 

 tillage, but now they devote most attention to 

 pasturage, especially the feeding of cattle. Close 

 upon one halt of i he total area is under grass ; 27i 

 per cent, is uncultivable ; and only almut 80,000 

 acres are under crops, including some 19,000 acn - 

 of oats, 18,000 acres potatoes, and 32,000 acres of 

 meadow- land. The bulk of the holdings range 

 between 5 and 30 acres each. Coarse woollens 

 and linens are manufactured. A considerable num- 

 ber of the population engage wholly or partially 

 in fishing. The county forms two parliamentary 

 divisions. The principal towns are Sligo, Ballina 

 (1442; also 4318 in Mayo), Bally mod- (1145), and 

 Toliercurry ( 1081 ). Sligo was anciently the seat 

 of the O'Connors. It contains a group of crom- 

 lechs near Sligo, a round tower at Drumclifle, ruins 

 of an ancient abbey at Ballysadare, and numerous 

 other raths, cromlechs, and ancient caverns. 



Si, [i. ii. chief town of the county, stands at the 

 month of the Garvogue, 137 miles 'NW. of Dublin 



