SMYRNA 



SNAIL 



527 



tion is being formed is generally enlarged, and 

 becomes tilled witli the black resting spores. This 

 swelling is especially noticeable in maize-plants 

 attacked by U. Maidis. The mycelial hyphae are 

 not very densely spread within the tissues of a host, 

 but the liyphce that will bear spores branch re- 

 peatedly, and thus form a mass of compact tissue 

 within that part of the host selected for the fructi- 

 fication, this compact mass taking the form of that 

 part of the host, or covering with a flat layer a part 

 of the surface, or eating a cavity out of the tissues 

 of the plant and taking the form of that cavity. 

 Generally the spore-bearing hyphse become trans- 

 formed into spores, so that nothing but spores 

 remain, but some species form definite envelopes 

 for the spores e.g. Doassansia. The germination 

 of the spores occurs when they have been well 

 saturated with water. Typically, a germ tube is 

 emitted which is called the promycelium. This, 

 in most cases, gives forth from the far end a 

 number (4 to 10) of smaller tubes, called sporidia. 

 These sporidia, either before or after their separa- 

 tion from the promycelium, conjugate in pairs. 

 From these conjugated cells there may arise a 

 tube which takes all the protoplasm of the two 

 cells ; this tube, called an incipient mycelium, 

 may enter into the tissues of a host and develop 

 a true mycelium. Sometimes in a species which 

 usually develops in this way any or all of these 

 steps may be omitted e.g. the spore may give 

 rise to an incipient mycelium direct, or the spondia 

 though formed may not conjugate, but produce 

 incipient niycelia direct. Species also occur in 

 which these peculiarities are the general rule. In 

 some species the sporidia, or what correspond to 

 them, are occasionally formed direct from the 

 hyphir within the plant, the formation of a true 

 resting spore being omitted ; the parts so formed 

 project from the host and are called gonidia. 



See FUNGI ; also De Bary'a Comparative Morphology 

 of Fungi, Mycetozoa, and Bacteria ; or Goebel's Outlines 

 of Clauijitaiion and Morphology. 



Smyrna, the most important seaport of Asia 

 Minor, stands at the head of the Gulf of Smyrna, 

 which penetrates 46 miles inland from the .-Kgiwin 

 Sea, and in a little mountain-girdled valley on the 

 west coast of Asia Minor. The city climbs up the 

 slopes and nestles at the foot of a steep hill ( at the 

 south-east corner of the Gulf), which is crowned by 

 the ruins of the ancient Greek Acropolis. Viewed 

 from tlie waters of the Gulf it presents a very fine 

 appearance ; but the interior, especially in the 

 higher parts where the Turks dwell, consists 

 chiefly of narrow and dark streets with mean 

 houses. The Prankish quarter, to which the 

 Europeans are confined, and which faces the quays 

 (2 miles long) and harbour, is in most respects 

 decidedly better than the native districts. Gas is 

 used for lighting the streets, and the electric 

 light in private establishments. The drainage 

 is bad ; the climate uncertain, but intensely hot 

 in summer ; and earthquakes are by no means 

 unknown, those of 178 A.D., 1688, 1768, and 1880 

 having been particularly severe. Traces of the 

 ancient walls, the stadium, theatre, and some 

 temples can still be discerned. There are a great 

 number of modern mosques, churches, baths, and 

 bazaars, but no buildings with any architectural 

 pretensions. The city is the seat of archbishops 

 of the Roman Catholic, Greek, and Armenian 

 Churches, and of the Turkish governor - general 

 of the province (vilayet) of Aidin. Carpets are 

 manufactured, as wefl as pottery, cottons, and 

 woollens. The principal inland communications 

 from Smyrna are the railway up the Mendere val- 

 ley to Denizli, having, with branches, a length of 

 325 miles, and the Smyrna-Ala-shehr railway, with 

 branches, 284 miles ; and in connection with these 



iron-foundries and machine-shops have been estab- 

 lished at Smyrna. But it is as a commercial sea- 

 port that the place is specially celebrated. Seven 

 hundred years before Christ it was one of the prin- 

 cipal trading-centres for Asia Minor ( Anatolia ) ; 

 and at the present day it has unquestionably the 

 lion's share of the Asia Minor trade with Europe. 

 The harbour is large, safe, and easily accessible, 

 but is in imminent danger of silting up like that 

 of Salonica. The exports from Smyrna average 

 about 4,000,000 in annual value, and the imports 

 close upon 3,000,000. The principal commodities 

 amongst the exports are raisins (1,100,000), 

 valonia (700,000), figs (343,000), and opium 

 (196,000), to which must be added barley, car- 

 pets, sponges, liquorice, wool, olive-oil, tobacco, 

 emery, sesame-seed, hides, fruits, antimony, beans, 

 cotton-seed, walnut-wood, poppy-seed, bones, and 

 a multitude of other articles. The imports of 

 greatest value are textiles (713,000), timber 

 (275,000), and iron and hardware (102,000), 

 besides groceries, railway plant, leather, butter, 

 glass, petroleum, coal, cheese, matches, paper, &c. 

 Britain takes of these exports to the value of 

 2,000,000 annually, and sends from 678,000 

 (1885) to 1,255,000 (18S9) of the imports. The 

 harbour is entered annually by some 1620 vessels 

 of 1,486,000 tons burden. Pop. estimated (1890) 

 at 210,000, of whom 107,000 are Greeks (just 

 the population of Athens), 23,000 Jews, 12,000 

 Armenians, 12,700 Europeans, and the rest Turks. 



Smyrna was originally a city of the Greek jEolie 

 immigrants into Asia Minor, but some time before 

 688 B.C. it had become Ionian. During that cen- 

 tury it enjoyed wonderful prosperity as the princi- 

 pal intermediary in trade between Europe (Greece) 

 and Lydia ; but in 630 B.C. it was captured and 

 destroyed by Alyattes, king of Lydia. For more 

 than three hundred years it maintained merely a 

 struggling existence ; but it was at length rebuilt on 

 a different site by Antigonus, and further enlarged 

 .and fortified by Lysimachus, both inheritors of the 

 conquests of Alexander the Great. Under the 

 Romans its commercial fame was revived, though 

 it had rivals in Ephesus and Pergaimim, and at a 

 later date a still more formidable rival in Byzan- 

 tium, to the emperors of which it belonged. It 

 was frequently sacked by the Turks and suffered 

 many reverses, being destroyed by Tamerlane 

 (1402) and finally captured by the Turks under 

 Murad II. in 1424. See Roiigon, Smyrne: Situa- 

 tion Commerciale et Sconomigue ( 1892). 



Siiiiil. a term employed to designate the species 

 of terrestrial Gasteropoda (q.v. ) which have well- 

 formed spiral shells. The more typical snails 



Fig. 1. Common Snail (Helix aspena) : 



a, eggs ; &, appearance when newly hatched ; c, slightly advanced 



stage ; d, mature snail. 



belong to the genus Helix, of the family Helicidae, 

 and have the shell of many whorls, globose, de- 

 pressed, or conical. The aperture or mouth of the 

 shell is more or less encroached upon by the last 



