646 



SOCIALISM 



sorixrs 



It will be clear that socialism is a question for 

 the future. Only the future can disclose how far 

 and how soon any system of free associated workers 

 can supersede the prevalent system of competitive 

 industry served liy wage-labour. And, as we indi- 

 cated at the outset, the drift of opinion about 

 socialism will largely depend simply on the mean- 

 ing which prevalent use and wont give to the word. 



Relation of Socialism to Dtirwinism. Many 

 students of socialism find a difficulty in under- 

 standing its relation to the Darwinian theory, 

 according to which development depends on the 

 struggle for existence, resulting in the survival of 

 the fittest. Reasonable socialists must admit that 

 such a struggle is a prime fact in the history of 

 human society, and that it is a cardinal principle 

 of human progress that the competitive system is 

 only a modern form of the struggle for existence, 

 and is therefore a necessary stage in the progress of 

 mankind. On the other hand, it is enough to point 

 out that the struggle for existence is only one side 

 of human evolution. Another side not less im- 

 portant is seen in the development of the principle 

 of association or community, in the continual effort 

 to moralise the struggle, to place it under the regu- 

 lation of rational, ethical, and artistic ends and ideals. 

 In short, the moral and social progress of the world 

 has largely consisted in mitigating, limiting, and 

 regulating the struggle for existence. The struggle 

 for existence, however, is not thereby abolished. 

 It is only carried forward to a higher plane. The 

 development of the social principle or principle of 

 association is itself a potent element in the struggle ; 

 for the struggle is not one between individuals 

 merely ; it is waged also l>etween communities, which 

 on the whole are continually progressing, and an im- 

 provement in social organisation may be decisive 

 of the result. In the great struggle for existence 

 which is always proceeding between the nations of 

 Europe a large advance, for example, in the educa- 

 tion and social condition of the people of one nation 

 may more than any other factor turn the scales in 

 its favour. The family virtues good faith, justice, 

 and humanity have always been powerful ele- 

 ments in the development of society. They are 

 all phases of the mural and social progress of the 

 world. Socialism claims to have brought forward 

 a type of industrial organisation which can best 

 continue and promote the ethical and social pro- 

 gress of mankind. The competitive system is the 

 latest form of the struggle for existence, and 

 socialism is the latest theory for its regulation. 



See the articles COMMUNISM, CO-OPERATION, EVOLU- 

 TION, FRIENDLY SOCIETIES, GEORGE (HENRY), INTER- 

 NATIONAL, KNIGHTS OF LABOUR, LASSALLE, MARX, 

 NIHILISM, PEASANT PROPRIETORSHIP, PROFIT-SHAKING, 

 TRADE-UNIONS, tec. Marx, KapittU, of which two vols. 

 have appeared (the first in an Enc. trans.), remains the 

 classic work on socialism ; see also Kugrn Duhrimfi 

 Umioalzunydfr WutentcJiaft, by Marx's friend Fr. Kngels; 

 A. ttchaffle, Quinteuenz del fkxialismut, Bau mui Leben 

 del tocialen Korperi (vol. iii.), and The fmpoeiibility of 

 Social Democracy (Eng. trans. 1892); Franz Mebring, 

 Die Dcnttche Socialdemokratie ; Rudolf Meyer, Der 

 Emantipatiorul-nmpf del rierlen Standei ; Laveleye, Le 

 Socialime Contempomin (Eng. trans.); Let Procet 

 Anarchittri (Lyons, 1883); John Rae, Contemporary 

 Socialim (new cd. 1891); Fabian Euayi in Social urn; 

 Hyndman, Hittorieal Bast* of Socialitm in Enrfland; Ed. 

 Bellamy, Looting Backward; Vf. Morris, Neva from 

 N where ; Graham, Soeialim Nev and Old (2d ed. 1892): 

 An Inquiry into Soeialitm (1887), and A Bittory of 

 Soeialim (1892) by the present writer; books by 

 Oilman (1892), W. Morris and Belfort Bax (1893), Ely 

 (1894), Flint (1896); Gohre, Six Montht in a Work- 

 ikop (trail*. 1895); Nitti, Catholic Social inn (trans. 

 1896) ; Stammhammer's Billvigraphie dct Sociatitmui 

 and Commvnimut (1893); and the relevant chapters 

 in the economic world of Botcher, Wagner, Mill, and 

 Sidgwick. 



Societies are associations for some particular 

 object, such as the promotion of science, art, 

 and literature ; the diffusion of knowledge, religion, 

 and morality ; intercourse between those of the 

 same profession or trade ; the removal of legal 

 grievances ; mutual aid in case of distress ; and an 

 abundance of other aims, which ;in- cither l>ene- 

 ficial to the general public or to the memliers of 

 the society alone. The great scientific, literary, 

 and art associations are ninny of them MptMtely 

 treated in this work (see ROYAL S(MKI v, KOYAL 

 ACADEMY, &c. ). So are many special institutions 

 like the Humane Society (q.v.), the S.P.C.K. (see 

 CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE). Others are dealt with 

 in the articles on the subjects with which they 

 concern themselves (LIFEBOAT, TEMPERANCE, 

 BROWNING, &c. ). In Britain the term academy is 

 usually reserved for art associations ; but on "the 

 Continent the great national literary ami M-icniilic 

 organisations are usually styled academics, and are 

 treated at the article ACADEMY. So \vitli many 

 American learned associations. See aKi M is-ioxs, 

 BOOK-CLUB, ami SECRET SociE'i ; 



The ! following is a list of tin- l>c<t known r.ritish 

 societies, associations, and in-tinition- in order of 

 date, fuller information as to which may be sought 

 in the Year-book of the Srictitijir <nl I.furned 

 Societies of Great Britain timl Ireland (published 

 annually since 1884). It should be noted that in 

 some cases the society arose out of a minor and 

 older organisation ; was itself founded under a 

 somewhat different name ; or received its charter of 

 incorporation years after its foundation. 



Royal Society ( London X . 10 



Royal Dublin Society 1684 



Christian Knowledge 1696 



Society of Antiquaries. 1707 



Society of Dilettanti 1734 



Society of Art*. 17S3 



Manchester Lit. and Phil . . 1781 

 Royal Soc, of Edinburgh. .1783 

 Highland and Agricultural. 1784 



Royal Irish Academy 1786 



Soc. of Antiquaries of Scot 1780 



Linnean 1788 



Royal Institution 1790 



Royal Horticultural 1804 



Royal Med. & ChirnrgicaL.1806 



London Institution 1806 



Geological 1807 



Peace 1816 



Inst. of Civil Engineers... 1818 



Hunterian 1819 



Royal Astronomical 1880 



Royal Soc. of Literature. . .1823 



Royal Asiatic. 1823 



Zoological 1826 



Diffusion of Useful Knowl.1827 



Royal Geographical 1830 



Harveian 1831 



United Service Institution. 1831 



liritish Association 1881 



British Medical Assoc. . . . .1882 



Statistical 1834 



Numismatic 18S6 



Ornithological 1837 



Royal Agricultural 1838 



Royal Microscopical 1839 



Royal Botanical 1839 



Irish Archaeological 1840 



Chemical 1841 



Pharmaceutical 1841 



Philological 184? 



Ethnological 1848 



Brit. Archaeological Assoc.1843 

 Royal Arclm-ol. Institute.. 1843 



Sydenham 1848 



Ray 1844 



Royal Meteorological I860- 



Photographic 1862 



Anthropological 1863 



London Mathematical 11-65 



Palestine Kxtilor. Fund... 1865 



Royal Historical 1868 



Christian Evidence 1871 



Anthropological Institute.,1871 



Pabrograplilcal. 1873 



English Dialect 1878 



(New) Shakspere. 1873 



Folklore 1878 



Egypt Exploration Fund . . 1881 



Psychical Research 188* 



Royal Scot. Geographical. .1884 



Of American learned associations, whether calling 

 themselves Academy (q.v.) or not. the following 

 are among the more important of several thousand. 



American Philosophical Society 1748 



American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston 1780 



Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 1799 



New York Historical Society 1804 



Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 1812 



New York Academy of Sciences 1818 



Boston Society of Natural History 1880 



Smithsonian Institution 1846 



American Association for the Advancement of Science. . 1847 



American (JwKTaphlcal Society 1862 



National Academy 1868 



Social Si-lence Association 1866 



Numismatic and Archa-ologlcal Society 1866 



American Folklore Society 1888 



Society Islands. See TAHITI. 



S i 1 1 u s. the name of two celebrated heresiarcha, 

 uncle ami nephew, who have given name to a secb 

 of Christians, the Socinians, whose doctrines, though 



