SOUDAN 



SOUL 



579 





Soubise fell as heir of his mother. The latter was 

 born about 1589, served under Prince Maurice in 

 the Low Countries, and in the religious war com- 

 manded the Huguenots in Poitou, Brittany, and 

 Anjou, and distinguished himself throughout by 

 his reckless courage, especially in the bold attack 

 on the royal fleet in the harbour of Blavet and the 

 occupation of Oleron. When all hope was at an 

 end ne found a refuge in England, and died in 

 London childless, 9th October 1642. In the col- 

 lateral line of descent was Charles de Rohan, 

 Prince de Soubise, peer and marshal of France, 

 who was born 16th July 1715. His grandmother 

 had been a mistress of Louis XIV., and he himself 

 became a favourite of Louis XV., and early in the 

 Seven Years' War was given the command of an 

 army of 24,000 men, which was utterly defeated by 

 the great Frederick at Rossbach, 5th November 

 1757. His later exploits were less disastrous ; he 

 even won some small successes, and he kept the 

 command until the peace in 1763. After the 

 death of Madame de Pompadour he found the 

 same patroness in Du Barry. When Louis XV. 

 died he was the only one among the courtiers 

 who followed his boily to the grave a piece of 

 loyalty which made the new king retain him in 

 his place in the ministry. He died 4th July 178?! 

 and with him ended the line of Soubise- Rohan. 



Soudan, or SUDAN, the Arabic equivalent 

 (Beled es-Sudnn i.e. 'Land of the Blacks') of 

 Negroland or Nigritia, a geographical term which 

 in its widest sense embraces the vast region of 

 Africa that stretches from the Atlantic to the Red 

 Sea and the Abyssinian highlands, and from the 

 Sahara and Egypt proper in the north to the Gulf 

 of Guinea, the central equatorial regions, and the 

 Albert and Victoria Nyanzas in the south. This 

 is the home of the true Negro race, though there 

 are varions other pure and mixed elements in the 

 population derived principally from Hamitic and 

 Semitic (Arab) stoclcs. The Soudan in this sense, 

 falls naturally into three divisions: (1) Western 

 Soudan, comprising the basins of the Senegal, 

 Niger, Benue, and other rivers draining to the 

 Atlantic, and including the political regions known 

 aa the French Soudan (see SENEGAMBIA), Sokoto 

 (q.v. ), and others; (2) Central Soudan, including 

 the basins of the rivers draining into Lake Tsad, 

 and covering the countries of Bornu (q.v.), Bagirmi 

 (q.v.), Kanem, Wadai ; (3) Eastern Soudan, the 

 rest of the Soudan area east of Wadai, mainly the 

 basin of the Middle and Upper Nile. This portion 

 of the Soudan is also frequently styled the Egyptian 

 Soudmi. 



Until 1882 the Egyptian Soudan formed one ill- 

 organised province, with its capital at Khartoum. 

 But in that year it was subdivided into four 

 sections : ( 1 ) West Soudan, including Dar-Fur ( q.v. ), 

 Kordofan (q.v.), Bahr-el-Ghazal (the province on 

 a western tributary of the White Nile, south of 

 Kordofan ), and Dongola ( q. v. ) ; ( 2 ) Central Soudan, 

 comprising Khartoum (q.v.), Sennaar (q.v.), Ber- 

 l>er, Faidioda (south-east of Kordofan), and the 

 Equatorial Province, stretching along the Upper 

 Nile to the great lakes; (3) East Soudan, along 

 the Red Sea, including Taka, Suakin, and Mas- 

 Rowah ; (4) ffarar, east of Abyssinia and north of 

 the Somali country, abutting on the Gulf of Aden. 

 This wide region differs considerably in physical 

 features in its different parts. All the regions 

 watered by the Nile and its tributaries (Taka, 

 Sennaar, Fashoda, Bahr-el-Ghazal, and the Equa- 

 torial Province) possess highly fertile soil, capable 

 of yielding immense quantities of cotton, durra, 

 indigo, sugar, rice, maize, tobacco, fruits ; while 

 Kordofan and Dar-Fur are bare and waterless, 

 in the rainy season, after which their wide 

 grassy steppes give sustenance to numerous herds 



of camels, cattle, sheep, and goats. Besides the 

 products mentioned, ivory, ostrich-feathers, caout- 

 chouc, salt, cloth, gums, iron, gold, honey, wax, 

 and hides are important articles of internal traffic 

 and foreign trade. The area of this portion of the 

 Soudan has been estimated at 2J million sq. in., 

 and the total population at about 15,000,000. Of 

 these three-fourths are of Negro descent, and 

 mostly pagans or nominal Mohammedans ; the 

 rest are of Hamitic or Semitic origin and are fan- 

 atical in their adherence to Islam. The Egyptians 

 established themselves at Khartoum in 1819, and 

 during the next fifty years gradually extended 

 their power over the provinces lying west and 

 south of that city, and were more especially active 

 during the third quarter of the century. In 1874 

 Dar-Fur was conquered with help of Zehehr Pasha, 

 a noted slave-hunter. Not receiving, however, the 

 reward he conceived himself entitled to, he pro- 

 voked insurrections in that district and in the 

 Bahr-el-Ghazal province (1877-79), which were 

 successively crushed by Gordon and Gessi. But 

 in 1882 the Mahdi (q.v.) again raised the flag of 

 revolt, and preaching a religious crusade over- 

 powered the distant Egyptian garrisons, annihil- 

 ated the Egyptian forces led by Hicks Pasha, cut 

 off Kinin Bey in the Equatorial Province, and shut 

 up in Khartoum Gordon (q.v.), whom the English 

 government had sent out to restore peace by 

 friendly means ; while his lieutenant, Osman Digna, 

 after defeating the Egyptian army commanded by 

 Baker Pasha, prevented the English from penetrat- 

 ing into the interior from Suakin and the Red Sea. 

 Gordon's mission ended in disaster, and with the 

 fall of Khartoum, Egyptian influence in the Soudan 

 seemed at an end. Anarchy prevailed, the Sheik 

 Senussi (q.v.) became a power, and to the Mahdi 

 succeeded: the Khalifa. 



But, after the English reorganisation of Egypt, 

 in 1896 an Anglo-Egyptian army forced its way to 

 Dongola; and in 1898 the Sirdar (see KITCHENER) 

 completed the reeonquest of the Soudan by totally 

 defeating the Khalifa's forces at Omdurman anil 

 occupying Khartoum. The discovery that Fashoda 

 had been occupied by Major Marchand with a 

 French force caused strained relations between 

 Britain and France ; but the question was ami- 

 cably settled by the departure of Marchand in 

 November 1898. The Sirdar was in January 1899 

 appointed Governor-general of the Soudan, 'by 

 decree of the Khedive with the sanction of the 

 British government.' His first official act was the 

 founding of a college at Khartoum with funds 

 (120,000) raised by subscription in England. 



See Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa (1874); 

 Nacbtigal, Sahara und Sudan ( 3 vols. 1879-89 ) ; James, 

 The Wild Tribes of the Soudan (1884); the War Office 

 Report on the Egyptian Provinces of the Sudan (1884 ) ; 

 Felkin and Wilson, Uganda and the Egyptian Soudan 

 (1881); Paulitzschke, Die Sudanlander ( 1884 ) ; A. H. 

 Keane in Nature ( 1884 ) ; Junker, Travels in Africa 

 ( Eng. trans. 1890-91 ) ; numerous papers by Emin Pasha 

 in divers periodicals; Wingate, Mahdiism and the 

 Egyptian Soudfin (1891); H. Russell, The Ruin of the 

 Soudan (1892) ; Ohrwalder, Ten Years' Captivity in the 

 Mahdi's Camp (1892); Bennet Burleigh, Sirdar und 

 KhaHfah(lSSS); Steevens, With KitrhenertoKhartmim 

 ( 1898 ) ; Alford and Sword, The Egyptian Noudan, its Loss 

 and Recovery ( 1898 ). See also the articles EGYPT ( with 

 Map), NUBIA, NILE, FULAIIS, HAUSSA, KHARTOUM, 

 MAHDI, and SCHNITZER. 



Soul, a term used with various significance both 

 in philosophical terminology and in the language 

 of everyday life. Soul is sometimes the immaterial 

 and immortal part of man as opposed to his body ; 

 soul is sometimes distinguished from intelligence 

 as the resolute, energetic, emotional from the 

 calmly contemplative ; and when soul and spirit 

 are contrasted, the soul is the lower phase of 



