SOUTANE 



SOUTH 



587 





preparation of stocks anil clear soups, it is certainly 

 the case that equal wastefulness is frequently com- 

 mitted l>y throwing away the water in which meat, 

 fowls, fish, liacon, and pork have been boiled. 

 These always contain some nutritive matter, and 

 every capable cook should be able to make it the 

 basis of an excellent soup. 



From a dietetic point of view we may regard 

 soups as gastric stimulants and as articles of 

 nutrition. They owe their stimulating properties 

 to their warmth, and the salt and flavoured extracts 

 they contain, and are of value inasmuch as they 

 cause a ready flow of digestive juice preparatory 

 to the more substantial portions of the repast. To 

 some persons this stimulating action is a necessary 

 preliminary to a properly digested meal, and it is 

 often obtained by more harmful resorts, say to 

 sherry and bitters. Most persons after a hard day's 

 work, anil with the bodily energies below par, have 

 experienced the difficulty of at once facing a plate 

 of cold mutton or beef, which would however have 

 been quite acceptable if it had been introduced 

 by a basin of hot broth. 



From the point of view of nourishment little 

 can be said of clear soups and beef-tea, anil number- 

 less invalids are yearly starved out of existence by 

 doctors and nurses who imagine that by stewing a 

 pound of gravy beef the nourishment goes to the 

 water. Soups thickened by vegetables, such as 

 peas, potatoes, &c., are highly nutritious, and 

 pieces of meat and thick gravy retained in the 

 soup add greatly to its nutritive value. 



Soutane, the French for a Cassock (q.v.). 



South, SIR JAMES (1785-1867), astronomer, in 

 1829 elected President of the Astronomical Society, 

 and knighted the following year. 



South, ROBERT, a great English preacher, was 

 born a London merchant's son at Hackney in 1633, 

 educated for four years under Busby at West- 

 minster, and elected student of Christ Church, 

 together with Locke, in 1651. Three years later 

 he took his bachelor's degree, and that same year 

 wrote a Latin copy of verses congratulating the 

 Protector Cromwell on his peace with the Dutch. 

 He took his M.A. in 1657, but not, it is said, 

 without gome opposition from Dr John Owen, then 

 Dean of Christ Church. Next year he received 

 orders from a deprived bishop, and was appointed 

 in 1660 public orator to the university. Daring his 

 tenure of this office occurred many striking occa- 

 sions for his eloquence the installation of Claren- 

 don as chancellor in 1661 ; the burial of Juxon and 

 the translation of Laud in July 1663 ; the visit of 

 the king and queen, and the presentation of Mon- 

 mouth for a degree, in September 1663 ; the founda- 

 tion'of the Sheldonian Theatre in 1664, and its 

 formal opening in 1669. His vigorous sermons, full 

 of sarcastic mockery of the Puritans, were delightful 

 to the restored royalists. He became domestic 

 chaplain to Clarendon, and further preferment 

 followed quickly. In 1663 he was made prebendary 

 nf Westminster, canon of Christ Church in 1670, and 

 rector of Islip in Oxfordshire in 1678. He went as 

 chaplain with Clarendon's son, Laurence Hyde, 

 afterwards Earl of Rochester, on his embassy to 

 congratulate John Sobieski on mounting the throne 

 of Poland (1677), and in December wrote from 

 Danzig his impressions in the long and interesting 

 Account sent to Pocock, the Oxford professor of 

 Hebrew. It is supposed that South might have 

 been a bishop if he would, and there is one story 

 on record of his preaching in 1681 before the king 

 on 'The lot U cast into the lap' (Prov. xvi. 33). 

 Speaking of the strange accidents of fortune he 

 naiil, ' And who, that had beheld such a bankrupt, 

 beggarly fellow as Cromwell, first entering the par- 

 Jiameut house with a threadbare, torn cloak and a 



greasy hat (and perhaps neither of them paid for), 

 could have suspected that in the space of so few 

 years he should, by the murder of one king and 

 the banishment of another, ascend the throne, be 

 invested in the royal robes, and want nothing of 

 the state of a king but the changing of his hat into 

 a crown?' At these words the king fell into a 

 violent fit of laughter, and turning to Lord Roches- 

 ter, said, ' Ods fish, Lory, your chaplain must be a 

 bishop, therefore put me in mind of him at the 

 next death.' Unfortunately for the story, this 

 sermon one of those published by South himself 

 is inscribed as ' Preached at Westminster Abbey, 

 February 22, 1684-85,' a fortnight after Charles's 

 death. South appears to have thought Charles 

 too lenient rather than too severe against religious 

 sectaries, but during the reign of James he sup- 

 pressed his disapproval of the 'Declaration of 

 Indulgence,' although Papists were almost as hateful 

 to him as Puritans, and it is interesting to find in 

 three of his published sermons, preached in 1688, not 

 a single intelligible political allusion. Yet we are 

 told that during Monmouth's rebellion he professed 

 himself ready, if occasion required, to exchange his 

 black gown for a buff coat. After some hesitation 

 South acquiesced in the Revolution, but blazed out 

 with anger against the proposed schemes of Com- 

 prehension and Toleration which quickly came to 

 nothing. In 1693 began his great controversy with 

 Sherlock, Dean of St Paul's. The latter, at first a 

 Nonjuror, had been suddenly converted to the 

 more politic course by Bishop Overall's Convocation 

 Book (written 1606, but not published till 1690), 

 and had been rewarded by. being reinstated as 

 Master of the Temple and appointed Dean of St 

 Paul's. To the Socinian controversy then disturb- 

 ing the minds of Englishmen he had contributed 

 A Vindication of the Doctrine of the Trinity, the 

 intention to prove that there was nothing in the 

 dogma contradictory to right reason. In his 

 endeavour to adapt it to the more modern philo- 

 sophy he unhappily employed phraseology too 

 capable of ambiguity, and such phrases, for 

 example, as his description of the Three Persons of 

 the Divine Tri-unity as 'Three distinct infinite 

 Minds or Spirits' having 'self-consciousness and 

 mutual-consciousness,' were loudly denounced as 

 mere Tri-theism. South flung his Animadversions 

 anonymously into the fray, but the bitter irony 

 and fierce sarcasms quickly betrayed his hand. 

 The book showed ample learning and masterly 

 incisiveness of logic, but too large a part was mere 

 abuse and personal invective. Not content with 

 demolishing Sherlock's learning, he abuses his style, 

 his orthography, the errors of the press, and even 

 descends so low as to sneer at him as a henpecked 

 husband. Sherlock published a Defence, to which 

 South rejoined, and still anonymously, in his no 

 less vigorous Tri-theism charged upon Dr Sherlock's 

 new notion of the Trinity. The controversy became 

 the talk of the town, and an extant doggerel ballad, 

 beginning ' A dean and prebendary had once a new 

 vagary,' satirises it together with Burnet of the 

 Charterhouse's attack upon the Pentateuch in his 

 Archceoloffia, as having by its noise driven religion 

 itself away the while. The king himself interposed 

 by an injunction addressed to the archbishops and 

 bishops to the effect that no preacher should 

 advance views on the Trinity other than those con- 

 tained in Scripture, and agreeable to the three 

 Creeds and the Thirty-nine Articles. One of the 

 last things recorded of South is his activity in 

 making interest on Dr Sacheverell's behalf, and he 

 is said to have refused the see of Rochester and 

 deanery of Westminster on the death of Dr Sprat 

 (1713). He survived till eighty-three, died on 

 Sunday, 8th July 1716, and was buried in West- 

 minster. 



