590 



SOl'TIl AUSTRALIA 



SOUTH CAROLINA 



19 Australian casuarinas, 70 of 300 acacias, and 30 

 of 130 eucalypts. In the Northern Territory are 

 many Indian form". Xaiithorrhirir or crass-trees 

 are seen on poor soil, and stunted shrubs on arid 

 wastes. With few native trees in the country, 

 government has estahlished forest reserves and 

 forest nurseries. The mulberry is cultivated for 

 silkworms. Pines are numerous in some parts. 



The pastoral resources can hardly compare with 

 those of the eastern colonies of Australia, owing to 

 greater drynens of climate. While live-stock may 

 be found on farms in the more settled districts, 

 the larger Hocks and herds are upon the leasehold 

 squatting rum outside the area of cultivation. 

 The four pastoral districts contain 313,000 sq. m. 



Agriculture has received great attention. In 

 spite of frequent droughts bread-stuffs head the 

 export list. The first land sales were in farming 

 areas of 80 acres each, which led to cultivation 

 rather than to pasturage ; the land devotd to the 

 growth of crops was recently 2,864,877 acres. Suc- 

 cessive land acts have increased facility for the 

 acquisition of the soil. Though cereals occupy 

 most ground, potatoes are readily raised in the 

 moister south-eastern quarter, and vines are of suc- 

 cessful culture. In favourable seasons the drier in- 

 terior can furnish good wheat. Hallways, 1700 

 miles long, afford assistance to the farmer ; and 

 good roads extend nearly 5000 miles. The North- 

 ern Territory, being mostly tropical, has a fine 

 future before it for the growth of rice, spice, and 

 sugar, when suitable coloured labour can be pro- 

 cured. Though much of the interior is leased for 

 pasturage, the state has only sold 9 million acres 

 out of 569 millions. German settlers introduced 

 the vine industry. The conversion of grapes 

 into currants and raisins provides a fresh article of 

 export. Olives and fruits are raised in abundance, 

 and Adelaide now ships apples to London. 



Mniiiiif. The tint lead-mine was opened in 1841 ; 

 the first copper at Kapunda, 1843 ; the first gold at 

 Montacnte, 1846. The copper Hurra Hurra began 

 in 1845, Wallaroo and Moonta in 1861. Cornier 

 is found along ranges for hundred* of miles. I in, 

 lii-nuith, and precious stones have been obtained. 

 ti.'lil workings exist in several places, but the best 

 are in Northern Territory. The Harrier silver- 

 mines are just over the New South Wales border. 

 There are no coal beds. Excellent quarries exist 

 of granite, marble, and slate. Mineral lands are 

 leased from government. The high price of labour 

 and cost of carriage hinder the working of mines 

 that vet have a rich i>ercentage of ores. 



Poj>ulatvm.ln 1891 the population was 320,431 

 (including :!*< I hinese anil 33tffl al>origine8 ). Of 

 places of worship i In. \Vesleyans hail 4i,41.~> sit tin^ ; 

 Roman ( 'at holies, 44, 138; Church of England. 82,260; 

 Bible Christians, 19,200; Primitive Methodists, 

 16,144; Independents, 14,960; Baptists, 13,525; 

 Lutheran. 11,000; Presbyterians, 6600. The 

 public day schools were 550, with 1067 teachers : 

 tlie private schools, 262 teachers. State education 

 is free. The university wax established in 1K72. 



The aiirmiinriit i* similar to that of other 

 Australian colonies. The governor is appointed 

 by the crown. There are 30,000 voters for mem- 

 IMTH of the legislative council or upper house, ami 

 60,000 of the assembly or lower house. The Con- 

 stitution Act was passed in 1856. The revenue for 

 1890 was 2,557,771, the expenditure 2,579,257; 

 for IN94, 2,496,544 (a fourth from custom-) and 

 i-'..V.t!.7x7 respectively. The customs department 

 brought in 6/5,085 from duties, ami 4522 from 

 excise. Tli- public debt, 2.% I53,7'.'.'i in IS'l.'., WHS 

 incurred for improvements, railways taking more 

 than half, and other public works eight millions. 



Theluilkof tlic-v,/,,,,,, ;'/ ( total imports t'i>.'2-_'7.<H(o 

 in 1894, and exports 7,302,000) is with other 



\u-tralian settlements. While the total im- 

 ports for 1890 came to 8,262,673, those from 

 Great Britain were only 2,483,416 ; but of 

 8,827,387 exports the mother-country took 

 4,296,647. The exports of colonial produce in- 

 cluded wool, 1,353,762; wheat, 1,382,418; floor, 

 613,823; livestock, 60,735; skins and bides, 

 174,137: Iwrk, 56,000; tallow, 16,951; wine, 

 50,738 (762,776 gallons); gold, 20,808; copper, 

 155,417; copper ore, 71,575. Hut the exports 

 included importations of silver-lend from the New 

 South Wales side, 1,822,826, and ore 736,282. 

 The exports to the Barrier di-trict were 1,186,149. 

 The Northern Territory imported 114,135, and 

 exported 155,008. The tariff is protectionist: 

 the ad valorem duty, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 per cent., 

 produced 233,723 of the customs' 615,266 in 

 1891. During 1890 there entered 1041 vessels 

 of 1,075,133 tons, and cleared 1081 vessels of 

 l,115,309tons. The banks at the lieginning of 1891 

 showed average liabilities of 7,759,926, and assets 

 of 11,489,842. There were 609 post-offices, and 

 182 money-order offices. The telegraph and tele- 

 phone lines were 5623 miles in length ; one line 

 runs north from Adelaide 700 miles. Northern 

 Port Darwin is connected by the electric line with 

 the extreme south ports. 



See, besides South Australian government handbooks 

 and Australian handbooks generally, Harcus' South 

 Australia (1876); Ncwland, The Far North Country 

 (Adelaide, 1887); Dutton's South Australia and it* 

 Afinet ; the present writer's Climate and Health in South 

 Australia and Retourcel of South Australia ; Gill's 

 BibHajraphu of South Australia (Adelaide, 1888); 

 Hodder's Hittory of South Australia (1893) ; and J. D. 

 Woods, The Province of South Australia ( Adelaide, 1894). 



Spilth Bend, capital of St Joseph county, 

 Indiana, on the St Joseph River (navigable, for 

 small steamers), 86 miles by rail KSE. of Chicago. 

 It contains a Roman Catholic university and 

 academies, and manufactures of wagons, agricultu- 

 ral implements, furniture, woollens, {taper, flour, >v a, 

 Pop. ( 1880) 13,280 ; ( 1890) 21,819 ; ( 1900) 35,999. 



Sou 111 K. Ih l< IK-HI. See BETHLEHEM. 



Soiltllhrid|<*. a town of Massachusetts, on 

 the Qninehaug River, 70 miles by rail !S\V. of 

 Boston, with manufactories of cottons, woollens, 

 knives, IK.OIS. ,v,-. | 'op. (1890) 7<>-Vi. 



South Carolina, one of the thirteen original 

 states of the American I'nion, is bounded on the 

 N. and N K. by North Carolina, 

 SK. by the Atlantic Ocean, and 

 SW. by Georgia. Area 30,570 

 sq. m. , including 400 sq. m. of water-surface. It 

 is nearly triangular in outline. Numerous islands 

 near the southern part of the coast are separated 

 from the mainland and from each other by shallow 

 sounds and inlets. Kor UK) miles inland the land 

 is generally low and level, much of it still covered 

 with pine forests (Pinna jKilmttrix). West of this 

 alluvial plain is a range of undulating sandhill* 

 (ilioiit Ho miles in width. This middle country' 

 was long the least fertile part of the Mute. Farther 

 west the ridge country rises, generally abruptly, 

 from the Savannah to the Broad River on the 

 north, presenting a region of rare beauty and fer- 

 tility. The average elevation of the western thin! 

 of tlie state is nearly 2000 feet itlmve the sea level. 

 Mount Pinnacle, r.i-at's Head, and Table Moun- 

 tain, belonging to the Blue Ridge range, in the, 

 north-west part of the state, rise to the height of 

 about 4000 feet. Geologically the eastern part of 

 the state is quaternary or alluvial and the western 

 is eo/oic, with extensive tertiary and older forma- 

 tions intermediate. Most of the rivers the largest 

 the Santee (q.v.) are navigable by steamlHiats 

 nearly to the toot-slope of the ridge region, \vheie 

 they su pply abundant water- power. South Carolina 



Cop.rijhl ISM. 187. o.l 

 1WO ID Ih U.S. by J. B. 

 LIpplDcott Oompttaj. 



