SOUTH CAROLINA 



SOTJTHCOTT 



591 



has three customs districts, with ports of entry at 

 Georgetown, Charleston, and Beaufort. 



The state is rich in mineral products, which recent 

 enterprise is profitably developing. The gold-belt 

 extends from the North Carolina line in a south- 

 westerly direction, the most productive mines being 

 in York, Lancaster, Chesterfield, and Spartanburg 

 counties. Granite is abundant in Abbeville, Fair- 

 field, and Newberry counties ; and itacolumite, a 

 flexible sandstone, is quarried for grindstones in 

 Spartanburg. Kaolin of superior quality, and used 

 for artificial teeth, is obtained in Chester county. 

 Pliocene marl is abundant in Horry, Sumter, and 

 Marlborough counties. Post-pliocene is found in 

 Edisto island and near the Savannah, Santee, 

 Ashley, and Cooper rivers. But the most import- 

 ant mineral product of South Carolina is its 

 famous deposit of phosphate rock, extending about 

 70 miles from the mouth of the Broad River 

 near Port Royal to the head-waters of the Wando, 

 north of Charleston. Its direction is parallel with 

 the coast, and its width in some places is 30 

 miles. It crops out near the Ashley River, where 

 it was first ooserved. This immense phosphate 

 bed is generally covered with quaternary clays and 

 sands, and its nodular phosphatic layer rests upon 

 deep strata of calcareous marl, beneath which cre- 

 taceous marls extend along the entire eastern part 

 of the state. In 1892 about twenty companies 

 found profitable investment for more than 

 $4,000,000 capital in the mining and manufacture 

 of nearly 4,000,000 tons of phosphate rock. It is 

 obtained as a tribasic phosphate, and is used 

 mainly in the manufacture of superphosphates. 

 The average of lime phosphate is from 52 to 60 

 per cent, of the rock. Gray iron ore (magnetite) is 

 found in Union, York, and Spartanburg counties ; 

 and copper pyrites (chalco-pyrite), galena, limo- 

 nite, malachite, pyrolusite, and pyromorphite or 

 phosphate of lead have been found in the western 

 part of the state, and sand for glass in Aiken and 

 Barnwell counties. Deer, wild turkeys, raccoons, 

 foxes, squirrels, and other small game are still 

 numerous in the forests ; and the rivers, sounds, 

 and inlets are stocked with a great variety of fish. 

 Alligators of large size inhabit the tidal nvers. 



South Carolina, called the Palmetto State from 

 the growth of the cabbage- tree (Sabal palmetto) 

 near the coast, ranks twenty-third in the list of 

 forty-four states. By the census of 1890 the popu- 

 lation was 1,151,149, consisting of 692,503 col- 

 oured persons, 458,454 white, 172 Indians, and 20 

 Chinese. Of the thirty-five counties (districts 

 previous to 1868) Newberry alone failed to show 

 increase from 1880 to 1890. Charleston, the largest 

 city, had a population of 54,955 in 1890, and Col- 

 umbia, the capital, 15,353. The mild climate is 

 salubrious except in the rice-lands. The low 

 islands along the coast afford desirable summer- 

 resorts, as well as the western mountain-region 

 known as 'the land of the sky.' The average 

 rainfall in the eastern part is from 42 to 44 inches. 

 The coast lies within the usual limits of West 

 India cyclones, which are often destructive of life 

 and property. Charleston (q.v.) suffered severely 

 from a cyclone in 1885, and, much more terribly, 

 from an earthquake in 1886, which caused twenty- 

 seven deaths and over $6,000, 000 of loss in property. 

 The principal crops are maize, rice (on the coast), 

 oats, yams, cotton (in 1894, 818,330 bales were har- 

 vested in this fifth of the cotton-growing states), 

 and, since 1895, tobacco in increasing quantities. 



In 1562 John Ribault, at the head of a party of 

 French Protestants sent over by Admiral Coliny, 

 built a fort on an island in the harbour of Port 

 Royal, and named it Arx Carolina, in honour of 

 the king Charles IX. The twenty-six colonists left 

 by Ribault soon abandoned the fort to return to 



France. In 1630 Sir Robert Heath obtained a 

 grant from Charles I. reaching from latitude 36 

 to the Gulf of Mexico, but failure to colonise for- 

 feited the title. In this grant the territory was 

 named Carolanafor Charles I. In 1662 Charles II. 

 granted to Lord Clarendon and seven associates 

 all the territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific 

 lying between parallels 31 and 36 N. Two years 

 later the northern boundary was made 36 30'. 

 In 1670 three ship-loads of English settlers under 

 William Sayle landed at or near Port Royal, but 

 the next year moved to the right bank of Ashley 

 River. In 1680 they moved again to the present 

 site of Charleston. The proprietary government 

 under the ' model Constitution,' drawn up by John 

 Locke (see NORTH CAROLINA), lasted till 1729, 

 when George II. bought out the proprietors and 

 divided Carolina into two royal provinces. Subse- 

 quently South Carolina became one of the most 

 nourishing of the British colonies and attracted an 

 intelligent and enterprising class of settlers from 

 Europe, including many French Huguenots, who 

 came soon after the revocation of the edict of 

 Nantes in 1685. Hence the Gallic origin of so 

 many distinguished namesin the history of the state. 

 Sir John Yeamans, who had been appointed 

 governor, brought from Barbadoes two hundred 

 negro slaves in 1671. The blacks in a few years 

 nearly equalled the whites, and since 1820 'have 

 been more numerous in the state. During the 

 revolutionary war South Carolina furnished her 

 full quota of men and means, and suffered much 

 from British invasion and occupation. This state 

 was the first to ratify the Articles of Confedera- 

 tion, February 5, 1788, and the eighth to ratify 

 the constitution, May 23, 1788. In 1833 a con- 

 vention called by the legislature passed the ordi- 

 nance known as the Nullification Act (q.v.). 

 South Carolina was the first state to secede from 

 the Union. A convention called by the legislature 

 met on the 17th December 1860, and passed an 

 ordinance of secession by a unanimous vote on 

 the 20th. Six sister slave-states soon followed 

 the example of South Carolina, and formed the 

 Southern Confederacy, which was subsequently 

 increased by four more. South Carolina was re- 

 admitted into the Union, June 25, 1865. Since 

 the accomplishment of reconstruction the state has 

 attained a high degree of prosperity. It sends 

 seven representatives to the national congress. 

 The excellent public school system affords good 

 educational advantages to pupils of both races in 

 primary and intermediate studies ; and provision 

 is made for industrial and higher education. 



See UNITED STATES ; Histories of South Carolina by 

 Simms (new ed. 1800) and Ramsay (1867); and E. 

 MoGrady, The ffistory of South Carolina under the 

 Proprietary Government ( 1898 ). 



South Chester. See CHESTER. 



Sonthcott, JOANNA, a more than usually 

 strange specimen of the religious visionary, was 

 born in Devonshire, of humble parentage, about 

 1750. In youth a domestic servant at Exeter, she 

 joined the Methodists, and learned the art of pro- 

 phecy from one Sanderson. About 1792 she 

 declared herself to be the woman driven into the 

 wilderness of Rev. xii. , and boldly gave forth pre- 

 dictions in prose and verse. She soon came to 

 London on the invitation of Sharp the engraver, 

 and here she published A Warning, &c. (1803), 

 The Book of Wonders (1813-14), and Prophecies 

 concerning the Birth of the Prince of Peace 

 (1814). She also issued 6400 sealed papers to her 

 followers, which she termed her seals, and which 

 ensured salvation ; their cost was from a guinea to 

 twelve shillings. Strange to say, otherwise intelli- 

 gent men believed in her. At length she imagined 



