SOB 



SPAIN 



8PALDING 



the French, Mora tin (q.v.)caiue to add one more 

 name to the glorious list of dramatists. 



The war of independence roused the Spaniards 

 from the seemingly hopeless state of lethargy into 

 which they had sunk. In lyric poetry Quintana 

 and the Duque de Kivas attached themselves to the 

 classical school, whilst the influence of Byron per- 

 vades the noble verse of Espronceda, whose succes- 

 sors are Zorrilla, Nuiies de Arce, and Campoamor. 

 Historians, critics, and scholars like Juan Valera, 

 Mcncndc/ Pelayo, I'ascual de Gayangos, and 

 Canovas del Castillo worthily carry on the work 

 commenced by Sanchez and Sarmiento. The drama 

 flourishes, though still overshadowed by the French. 

 The novel is, however, the department in which 

 most progress has been made. In the early part of 

 the 19th century Fermin Caballero(q.v.)and Trueba 

 left the old ami worn-out track, and drew their in- 

 spiration and characters from the people of their 

 own country and age. At the present time Spain 

 jHissesses novelists worthy to rank with those of 

 any other European country. Juan Valera's Pepita 

 Jimenez is one of the best novels of the century. 

 Pereda writes delightfully of his northern moun- 

 tains. Emilia Pardo Kazan thoroughly understands 

 lier own people and time. Names like those of 

 Alarcon, Perez Galdos, and Palacio Valdcs have 

 only to be better known to secure their possessors 

 a wide appreciation outside their own country. 

 History is occupied chiefly in the collection of 

 materials, and many valuable monographs have 

 been published. As a historian of his country the 

 name of Modesto Lafuente must not be forgotten. 

 Periodical literature of a not very high order is 

 abundant. Signs of literary activity are visible in 

 South America, but as yet no work worthy of 

 separate mention has appeared. 



Catalan Literature. The intercourse between 

 Catalonia and Provence has been great from the 

 earliest times. The troubadours of Provence cai i icd 

 with them across the Pyrenees their own language 

 as well as their own poetical forms. Their influence 

 may be seen in the works of Raymond Lully, WDOM 

 poem 'Despair' (Lo Detconort) is deeply impreg- 

 nated with their mannerisms. At the later end of 

 the 14th centurv a consistory of the gay saber 

 was founded at Barcelona in imitation of the one 



' Stti'lien tur Oesehirhtc der Spanitehen und Portvpif- 

 lisfken National-literatur ; Mencnilei y 1'fUyo, Htslona, 

 delta Ideal Etteticas en Etpaiia (1885). A good short 

 manual is Sanchez de Cartro, Historia de la Literatura 

 Espanala (1890). Catalan: Ballot y Torre*. Wrofiidfira 

 de la Umgua CaOtalana ; Ximeno. Sseritores del Retno 

 de Valencia; Mil* y FontanaU, De lot Tromdoret; 

 Rubi6 y Ore, Literatura Catalan*. There are hitorie 

 of Spanish literature by the prenent writer (1893) and 

 Kitzmaurioe Kelly (1898). For Spanish painting, we 

 VoL VII. p. 701. 



Spa'lalo, or less correctly SPALATRO (Slav. 

 Spltt), the busiest town of Dalmatia, stands on 

 the Adriatic, 160 miles SE. of Fiumr. Hen- in a 

 beautiful situation the Emperor Diocletian built a 



\.\I n i\ i' ii tiv i vi/u vu " MWM ** - 



in 305. The palace faced the sea, looking south- 

 wards ; its walls were from 570 to 700 feet long 



already existing at Toulouse. From this maybe 

 dated the partial emancipation of Catalan verse. 

 Two Valencian poets distinguished themselves in 

 their native language. Ausias March, whose songs 

 of love and songs of death are fine in spite of in- 

 tentional obscurity, and Jaurne Koig, whose bitter 

 satire, The Ladies' Book, is supiiosed to contain 

 details of his own life. Koig died in 1478, and at 

 the union of Castile and Aragon Catalan sank to 

 the ]x>sition of a dialect. In prose the principal 



inonu nts of old Catalan are the works of Lully, 



including the interesting Hook of the Order of 

 Knighthood; the Chronicles, some of which are 

 interesting both in matter and manner, es|ecially 

 that of llamon Muntaner ; and one romance of 

 chivalry entitled Tiraiit In lihtnch, an exaggerated 

 example of the defects of the class. In the 19th 

 century Catalan verse has been revived, probably 

 owing to the jealousy that has always existed 

 between Madrid and Barcelona. This revival is 

 largely owing to Jacinto Verdaguer, some of wboM 

 verse in archaic language i really charming and 

 natural. In the Giilician. which hnx never been a 

 literary language, few IMH.US exist, with the excep- 

 tion ol collections of popular songs. 



BMvi<ir<ii>h. (,'ai.tilisii : Nicola* Antonio, BMioteea 

 Hitaana (178W); Ticknor, History of Spanish Literature, 

 with not*, by IWual de (Jaynngo. (1H51). For the 

 earlier period, Amador de Ion Rion, Hittoria Critua de 

 la Li>> return /;*/""'"'" V.,ii Sclmrk. tittfhichtt der 

 Dramatitckrn Literatiir * Spanien; Ferdinand Wolf, 



and 50 to 70 feet high, and enclosed an area of _ 

 acres. It stood square like a Konian camp, and 

 had a gate in the middle of each side, and was 

 of the most solid construction. Architecturally 

 it is of the highest interest in that it contains 

 several features that presage the architectural 

 -tyles and devices of modern times. Inside the 

 palace the roads connecting the gates crossed at 

 right angles in the middle, and two of the foul 

 courts thus formed were each occupied by a temple 

 (or similar building), one to Jbenuntau, ilie other 

 to Jupiter. So at least says an aadent tradition, 

 though some modern authorities claim the latter, 

 and others the former, as the mausoleum of the 

 emperor. The temple of Jupiter is externally an 

 ! octagon with a colonnaded peristyle and internally 

 a circle covered by a dome. Where the projecting 

 portico was built there now stands a tower built in 

 the 14th and 15th centuries, thoroughly restored 

 in 1891-92. Since the year 650 this temple 

 has teen a Christian cathedral ; it contain 

 ! a magnificent marble pulpit. The interior was 

 extensively restored in the years immediately pre- 

 ceding 1885. The other temple is used as a 

 baptistery; it is of small size and rectangular in 

 ! shape. All the interior buildings and nearly a 

 the exterior walls of this gigantic palace are stil 

 I standing in a fairly good state of preservation. But 

 ' the interior was converted into a town in (i.'ttt by 

 the citizens of Salona (q.v.) who escaped the 

 destruction of their town by the Avars, and it has 

 been occupied ever since. The existing city of 

 Spalato lies, more than half of it. outsule the 

 palace walls. It contains a museum rich in the 

 remains of Salona, and has a lively trade ; the Lasva 

 railway (1895-97) connecting it with Bomb and 

 the Damibian lands. Its industries embrace the 

 manufacture of liqueurs (rosoglio and maraschino), 

 . bricks, ropes. ,Vc. Pop. 14..1I.S. S. , II.'M \\ AIM 1U- 

 'TECTUHK: l-'m-man's ffi$torvxu Atwyt (M MTIM, 



|S7!I); and T. ('. Jackson's Jliifmiitni (vol. ii. 1S87). 



:^ii;i ui i n '" JAI ! 



in Lincolnshire, 14 miles S\V. of Boston, with a line 

 rhiirdi iDeeo.ated and Perpendicular), built in 

 I-JSI MI,,! restored by Sir C. Scott, w ho also planned 

 two of the remaining three churches in the town. 

 The .rrani mar-school, of which Bentley was master 

 in 1682 was founded in 1568; new school buildings 

 were ere.-ted in 1881. Ayscoughfee Hall, dating 

 originally from 143I. was the residence of the 

 antiquary Maurice Johnson, who helped to found 

 the Society of Antiquaries and the BMldlllg 

 Gentlemen's Society (1710; resuscitated in 1889). 

 This town had a castle and a monastery prior 

 the Con.mest. The latter eventually became i 

 priory (lor.l ), attached a a cell to Crowland ; the 

 raiiwof the chapel (1300) at A\ ykebam (3 miles 

 from Spalding) belonged to a country-house of th 



