SPALDING 



SPAR 



609 



priors. The river is navigable up to this town for 

 vessels of 70 tons. Spalding is an important rail- 

 way centre, and has an active trade in the agri- 

 cultural produce of the fertile fens. Pop. (1851) 

 7627 ; ( 1891 ) 9014. See Sat. Rev. (July 22, 1882). 



Spalding, JOHN i ll. 1624-45), was the com- 

 missary clerk of Aberdeen and diarist, after whom 

 is named a well-known northern Book-club (q.v. ). 



Spallanzani. LAZARO, naturalist and traveller, 

 was born at Scandiano, in the duchy of Modena, 

 Italy, on 12th January 1729. After studying, at 

 Reggio di Modena and Bologna, natural science, 

 mathematics, the classical tongues, law, and other 

 subjects, he was in 1754 appointed to the chair of 

 Logic, Metaphysics, and Greek at Reggio, and soon 

 afterwards was transferred to Modena. But he took 

 the greatest interest in natural history and physio- 

 logical questions. Amongst other tilings his atten- 

 tion was directed to the doctrine of spontaneous 

 ^'i-iieration propounded by Needham and Button, 

 which after careful study and experiment he over- 

 turned. On the re-establishment of the university 

 of Pavia Spallanzani was appointee! ( 1768) professor 

 of Natural History and keeper of the museum, 

 which he greatly enriched with fishes, Crustacea, 

 nd testacea, the fruits of his numerous excursions. 

 In 1785-86 he spent nearly a twelvemonth in 

 Turkey engaged in scientific observation, and 

 during the year 1788 visited Naples whilst Vesuvius 

 was in eruption, the Lipari Isles, and Sicily, and 

 wrote an account of his inquiries, Viaggi alle due 

 Xii-ilie (6 vols. 1792). He died of apoplexy, llth 

 February 1799. In Dissertationi de Fisica Antmale 

 Vegetate (2 vols. 1780) he clearly demonstrated 

 the true physiological nature of digestion, and 

 established, on the basis of experiment, the 

 respective functions of the spermatozoa and the 

 ovum in reproduction. 



Span, a measure of length, being the distance 

 between the tips of the thumb and little finger 

 when the fingers are expanded to their fullest 

 extent. This space averages about 9 inches, which 

 accordingly is the fixed measure given to the span. 



Spaiulail, a town and first-class fortress of 

 Prussia, is situated at the confluence of the Havel 

 and the Spree, 8 miles by rail W. by N. of 

 Berlin. The principal defence of the capital on 

 that side, it has very strong modern fortifications, 

 including a citadel In the ' Julius tower ' of this 

 structure is preserved in gold the ' Reichskriegs- 

 chatz ' of 6,000,000 that the government, accord- 

 ing to a law of llth November 1871, keep in reserve 

 for a great war. Spandan is the seat of large govern- 

 ment cannon-foundries, factories for making gun- 

 powder and other munitions of war, and has an 

 arsenal. Pop. ( 1875) 27,630; (1890) 44,611, includ- 

 ing a garrison of nearly 4000 men. Spandau, one 

 of the oldest towns of Brandenburg, was a favourite 

 residence of the electors. It surrendered to the 

 Swedes in 1634, to the French in 1806, and in 1813 

 to the Prussians. 



Spailheiin, FRIEDRICH, theologian, was born at 

 Amherg, January 1, 1600; studied at Heidelberg and 

 Geneva ; visited Paris and England ; was appointed 

 in 1631 to the chair of Theology at Geneva, in 

 1641 at Leyden; and died there, April 30, 1648. 

 He contributed to the controversy with Amy- 

 rant LUiputatio de gratia universali (1644), &c. 

 EZECHIEL SPANHEIM, son of the foregoing, was born 

 at Geneva, 7th December 1629, studied at Leyden, 

 and was appointed professor of Rhetoric there in 

 1651. He next became tutor to the sons of the 

 Elector Palatine, and with them travelled in Italy 

 and Sicily. In 1665 he represented the Palatinate 

 and Brandenbnrg as resident in England ; in 1680 

 he went for nine years to Paris as ambassador 

 extraordinary. He took part in the peace of 



Ryswick, later went on missions both to Paris and 

 London, and died at the latter, 7th November 1710. 

 He had great learning in the history of ancient law 

 and in numismatics, and his Dissertationes de usu 

 et pnestantia numismatum antiquormn (best ed. 

 1706-16) and Orbis Romanics (1704) made his name 

 widely known. FEIEDRICH SPANHEIM, his brother, 

 was born at Geneva, May 1, 1632, studied at 

 Leyden, was appointed to the chair of Theology at 

 Heidelberg in 1655, at Leyden in 1670, and died 

 there, May 8, 1701. He defended Calvinism against 

 Descartes and Cocceius. His collected works lill 

 3 volumes (1701-3). 



Spaniel, one of the longest established breeds 

 of dogs. Dr Caius gives a description of the 

 spaniel in his treatise Of Englishe Dogges (1576). 

 The working spaniel may be divided into the 

 Clumber, the Sussex, and the Field Spaniel. The 

 clumber derives his name from the estate of the 

 Duke of Newcastle, who originally imported them 

 from the kennel of the Due de Noailles, and bred 

 them for many years at Clumber Castle ( q. v. ). The 

 pure breed was guarded with such jealousy that 

 until recent years it was difficult to obtain a pure 

 clumber. Clumbers are usually worked in a team 

 of four or five ; as they generally hunt in silence, 

 they are extremely useful in thick cover, the game 

 not being alarmed without cause. In appearance 

 the clumber is a handsome lemon and white dog, 

 short in the leg, long in body, coat like a setter, a 

 massive head with large drooping ears. 



The Sussex is also a variety of long standing, 

 though the pure breed was only resuscitated in 

 1870 with great difficulty. In colour the Sussex 

 should be a ' golden-liver ' or brown, otherwise it 

 closely resembles the clumber. 



The Black Spaniel is gradually becoming the 

 commonest, as it is certainly the handsomest 

 variety of field spaniel ; it is bred mainly from 

 Sussex blood. The ' cocker ' and the ' springer ' are 

 names indiscriminately applied to field spaniels of 

 unknown breeding ; they are generally liver and 

 white, and are probably cross-bred Sussex. 



Though there are records of the existence of an 

 English water-spaniel, yet the breed has been 

 entirely eclipsed by the Irish water-spaniel, a 

 variety maintained in purity through the efforts of 

 the late Mr Justin M'Carthy. The Irish dog 

 resembles a large poodle in face and size, an un- 

 trimmed coat curling all over the body ; in colour 

 it should be a reddish liver. 



Toy Spaniels, though identical in name, have 

 little in common with the working spaniel. They 

 are divided into the black-aud-tan King Charles, 

 first brought into notice by Charles II., and the red 

 and white Blenheim, established by the Duke of 

 Marlborough. The toy spaniel should not weigh 

 more than 10 lb., and should have a short turned- 

 up face like a pug-dog. From their long coats and 

 small size these dogs are only fitted for pets, but 

 are bright and cheery in disposition. 



Spanish Fly. See CANTHARIS. 

 Spanish Legion. See EVANS (DE LACY). 



Spanish Main (i.e. main-land), a name given 

 to the north coast of South America from the 

 < hiimco to Darien, and to the shores of the former 

 Central American provinces of Spain contiguous 

 to the Caribbean Sea. The name, however, is 

 often used of the Caribbean Sea itself, especially in 

 connection with the Buccaneers (q.v. ). See Rod- 

 way, The West Indies and the Spanish Main( 1896). 



Spanish Marriages. See GUIZOT. SPANISH 

 SUCCESSION. See SUCCESSION WARS. SPANISH 

 TOWN. .See JAMAICA. 



Spar ( Ger. Spath ), a miners' term for any bright 

 crystalline mineral, used in books for certain minerals 



