658 



SPORE 



SPOTTISWOODE 



Spore. Plant* reproduce themselves in two 

 different ways, ' vegetatively ' or 'truly.' The 

 vegetative mode of reproduction is merely a con- 

 tinuous growth of |>arts already formed. It is 

 quite common in nature. Sometimes entire buds 

 separate from the parent plant and produce inde- 

 pendent plants. This happens^ for example, with 

 some of the buds in the axils of the leaves of 

 I. ilium bulbiferum. Sometimes entire pieces of 

 a creeping stem separate from the main stem and 

 begin an independent life. This happens in the 

 case of the strawberry plant. Artificially also a 

 vegetative mode of reproduction is easily brought 

 about. Every one knows how gardeners propagate 

 many species of plants by means of cuttings. As 

 a rule tne more lowly the plant the more easy is it 

 to make a successful cutting, and the smaller mav 

 the cutting be. Thus, a single leaf or even a small 

 part of leaf of a moss plant will often, if cut off and 

 placed in a suitable "oil, grow into a complete moss 

 plant. In the true mode of reproduction tne grow t h 

 is not continuous. Certain cells of a plant are set 

 apart for this function. These cells are called 

 tpores. In plants higher than the Thallophvtes such 

 cells do not grow directly into a plant like that 

 from whirh they have come, but they give rise to 

 a plant which in its turn, when it reaches matur- 

 ity, produces cells of two sorts, male and female, 

 whicn unite with one another, and then from 

 the new cell of dual origin there grows a plant 

 like that from which the spore originally came. 

 Thus, on the under surface of the fronds of ferns 

 there may often be seen many small s|>ore-cases. 

 The spores fall to the ground, and produce a little 

 green plant called the prothallium of the fern. 

 The prothallium produces the sex-elements. These 

 unite, and from their union grows a new 'fern.' 

 This indirect mode of reproduction is spoken of as 

 the Alternation of Generations ( q. v. ). 



In the Thallophvtes (Algie, Fungi, &c.) the 

 cells which function as spores receive a variety of 

 names, such as telentos|iores, aredospores, sporidia, 

 stylos pores, tetraspores, zoospores (which are 

 motile), conidia, &c. These names are meant to 

 emphasise some point in their mode of origin and 

 development. In the Bryophytes (liverworts and 

 mosses) and in the Pteridopnytes (ferns, horsetails, 

 &c.) they are always called simply spores. Hut 

 some of the Pteridophytes (Vascular Cryptogams), 

 for instance Salvinia (q.v.), produce two kinds of 

 spores, male and female, and nence they are called 

 heterosporotu ferns, horsetails, or lycopodH as the 

 case may l>e. In the S|>ermophytes also (Seed- 

 plants or Phanerogams) the spores are of two 

 kinds. The pollen grains (see FLOWER) repre- 

 sent the male spores, microspores ; and the female 

 spores are contained within the Ovule (q.v.). 



The sexual generation, the prothallium, which 

 is formed from the s|iore, loses its character as an 

 inde|M>ndcnt plant as we ascend the scale of plants 

 from the Vascular Cryptogams to the Phanerogams. 

 In hoinos|HiroiiH ferns it lives for a long time; in 

 the heteros|ioroiis ferns they, the male and female 

 prothallia, never Iieroine entirely separate from the 

 spores, although they burst through the spore- 

 case* ; in the ' 'onifene they remain entirely within 

 the snore-case. In the Phanerogams they are 

 still further reduced; the Ovule (q.v.) is the 

 macroaporangium. See for details the articles 

 AM;.*:. FERNS, FUNGI, MOSSES, &c. 



HpOrOZOa. S.-.- <.|:|.i;\|;i\H>\. 



Sports. See ATHLETIC SPORTS, CRICKET, 

 CURLING, CYCLING, FOOTBALL, FOX-HUNTINO, 

 GOI.F, KOWINCI, TKNNIS, &c., and the 'Badminton 

 Series' (28 volt.. 1885-96). 



Sports BOOK OF, the name popularly given to 

 James I. 's Declaration in 1618, that on Sundays, after 



divine service, 'no lawful recreation should be 

 barred to his good people, which should not i, nd 

 ! the breach of the laws of his kingdom and tin- 

 canons of his church.' The sport* s|>ecified were 

 dancing, archery, leaping, vaulting. Ma\ -panics. 

 WhitBun-ales, morris-dances, mid the setting up 

 of May-|M)len. The occasion of this proclamation 

 was the conduct of some Puritan authorities in 

 Lancashire, who, by illegally suppressing instead 

 of regulating the customary recreations of the 

 common people, had excited much discontent, 

 and increased the influence of the Itonian Cath- 

 olic* by giving a repulsive aspect to the Reformed 

 religion. Although the Declaration was ordered 

 to be read in the parish churches of the diocese 

 of Chester, this order was not enforced, and the 

 king's design was allowed to drop. Among the 

 excepted unlawful sports were Ix-ar-liait ing, bull- 

 baiting, bowling, and interludes. Nonconformist* 

 and others not attending divine service at church 

 were prohibited from joining in the sports, nor was 

 any one allowed to go out of his own parish for 

 that purpose, or to carry offensive weapons. By 

 lepuhli.shing this Declaration in 1633, and en- 

 forcing with great severity the reading of it by 

 the clergy in their churches, Charles I. and Laud 

 excited among the Puritans a degree of indigna- 

 tion which contributed not a little to the downfall 

 of the monarchy and the church. In 1644 tin- 

 Long Parliament ordered all copies of it to be called 

 in and publicly burned. See L. A. Govett, The 

 King's Book of Sports ( 1890). 



Spottiswoode, JOHN, Archbishop of St 

 Andrews, son of John Spottiswoode, Superin- 

 tendent of Ix>thian, was born in 1565. He was 

 educated at the university of Glasgow, and at 

 eighteen succeeded his father as parson of ('alder. 

 In 1601 he attended the Duke of Lennox as chap- 

 lain on his embassy to France, and in 1603 King 

 James to London. 8<H>n after he succeeded James 

 Beaton as Archbishop of Glasgow, but \v;is only 

 consecrated in London in 1610. As Moderator (if 

 the General Assembly at Glasgow in 1610 he 

 lalioured to confirm episcopal government, and 

 he forced the Perth Assembly (1618) to sanction 

 the five points of discipline known as the Perth 

 (q.v.) Articles. He was translated to the see 

 of St Andrews in 1615. He officiated at the 

 coronation of Charles I. at Holyrood in 1633, and 

 in 1635 became Chancellor oi : ' Scot land. He re- 

 luctantly entered into the king's unwise measures 

 for the introduction of a liturgy into Scotland, 

 and naturally became hateful to the Covenanters. 

 The king compelled him to resign the chancellor- 

 ship in 1638, and that same year the Glasgow 

 General Assembly deposed and excommunicated 

 him. Spottiswoode died at London. 26th NovemW 

 1639, and was buried in Westminster. His chief 

 work is the well-known History of the Churrh of 

 Scotland ( 1655 ; 3 vols., ed., WHO a Life, by Bishop 

 Russell for the Spottiswoode Society, 1849-51 ). 



Spottiswoode, WILLIAM, mathematician, wag 

 bom in London, January- 11, 1825, and was educated 

 at Harrow ami Balliol College, Oxford. He took a 

 first-class in mathematics in 1845, and later both 

 the junior and senior university mathematical 

 scholarships. For some time he lectured at Balliol, 

 and in 1846 he succeeded his father as the head of 

 the great printing house of Eyre & Spottiswoode. 

 Although throughput life an energetic man of busi- 

 ness, he found time for much original work in 

 alistract mathematics and experimental physics y 

 as well as for travels in Eastern Russia (1856), 

 Croatia and Hungary (1860), and for a large 

 hospitality at his houses both in London and at 

 Sevenoaks. His contributions Ui the Proceedings 

 cf the Royal Society, the Philosophical Magazine, 



