OC.t 



SPURN HEAD 



SPY 



on a half sheet of note-paper. The text was noted on the 

 top of the pace ; cm the left-hand side were the subject 

 divisions, on the right-hand side the subdivisions. His 

 sermons, taken down in shorthand, were afterwards 

 carefully revised by himself. The average weekly circu- 

 lation of his sennons was 30,000; that on Baptitmal 

 Rriitntratinn ( I860) rose to 200,000. At the date of Ins 

 death 2341 separate sermons and 37 volumes had been 

 published, while there was material left to last at 

 least twelve years longer. Besides he published The 

 Saint and hi* Saviour (1867); the very popular John 

 Plottf/hman'i Talk (1868), which has been termed a cross 

 between the Book of Proverbs and I'onr BieAard ; John 

 Ploughman'* Picture* ; Treantry of David, a commen- 

 tary on the Psalms in 7 vols. ( 1865-80 ). a work upon which 

 he was engaged for more than twenty yean ; Interpreter 

 (1874); Morning by Morning ; Kmiinp by Evening; 

 Feather* for Arrow*; Lecture* to my Student*; Com- 

 menting and Commentarift ; My Sermon Note*; Salt 

 Cellar* (Proverbs); Flathtt of Tlmmiht ; Sermon* in 

 Candle* (1891); anil Mtuaijet to the Multitude (18!I2). 

 See Metropolitan Taliernacle and it* Work (1876); 

 Twelve Realittic Sketchet of Mr Spuriieon; Speeches at 

 Home and Abroad, edited 'by Pike (1878); Fernandez" 

 Nonconformity in Southmrk ( 1882) ; and Lives by Dyer, 

 Stevenson, Pike. Walters, Shindler ( 18SI1! ), and the final 

 one by his wife and Mr Harrald (1897-99). 



Spurn Head, a promontory stretching -.'. mi l.-- 

 inio the mouth of the Humber (q.v.), ancV forming 

 the south-eastern extremity of Yorkshire. Its 

 mosence is indicated by two lighthouses with fixed 

 lights, elevated 93 and 54 feet respectively above 

 the sea, and visible for 15 and 12 miles, and by a 

 light-vessel, whose revolving light is visible 'for 

 10 miles. Between 1771, when Smeaton's small 

 lighthouse was built, and 1863 the sea gained 

 280 yards here, but since the erection of groynes in 

 1864 the land has gained. See Boyle's Lost Towns 

 oftheHumber (1889). 



Spnrrey (fyergula), a genus of plants which 

 has been variously ranked by Imtanists in the 

 natural orders Car\ophylle;e, Illecebrace.T, and 

 Crassulacefe. The species are annuals, dichoto- 

 inously branched, or with whorlecl brnnches; their 

 leaves linear-filiform, in clustered whorls, with 

 memhranaceous stipules ; the flowers in terminal 

 divaricating corymbs. The flowers have a calyx 

 of five sepals, five white petals, five or ten stamens, 

 and five styles ; the capsule is five-valvecl, with 

 numerous round seeds, surrounded with a incm- 

 branous border. Common Spurrey, or Yarr (S. 

 itri-i-iisis), i plentiful in cornfields, especially on 

 light stony or sandy soils in Britain and most parts 

 t Europe. In some parts of Kurope a larger 

 variety is frequently sown for fodder, and is much 

 relished by cattle. 



Spurs, BATTLE OF. See COURTRAI, GUINE- 

 GATE. 



S|iiir/liciin. JOIIANX CASPAR, one of the 

 founders of the so-called science of Phrenology 

 (q.v.), was lx>rn at Longwich near Treves on 

 31st December 1776. Whilst studying medicine at 

 Vienna he became acquainted with Gall (q. v.), 

 and was made a proselyte to his doctrines. 

 Tin- two in ISO.") started mi a lecturing tour 

 through the principal countries of central BoroM, 

 and in 1807 they settled in Paris. In isl.'t 

 the two friends, their teachings disagreeing in 

 some particulars, separated ; Spur/.heitn proceeded 

 (1814) to England, and lectured and wrote and 

 laboured in the principal cities of tin- 1'nitcd King- 

 dom for four years, gaining a powerful adherent in 

 George Coml>e( q.v.). After remaining at 1'nris from 

 1817 to IHi'p. Spur/helm again went back to England 

 and renewed his propaganda, this time with much 

 greater success. In 1832 he sailed in the United 

 States, but died suddenly at Boston on 10th Novcm- 

 Ix-r that same year. Spurzheim advocated his doc- 

 trines with great eloquence and enthusiasm, and 



phrenology ami won fur it a good deal 

 of the attention it attracted. He wrote numerous 

 liooks, incliicliiig I'tirriioliH/i/ ( I si". ), I'lnlusn/iliiriil 

 J'rtnci/ilcs of Phrcnoloyy ( )' h2."> ), Man uel dePhi 

 lugie (1832); and some others on more general 

 topic's e.g. Klcmentary Principle* of Ktlnmliim 

 (1821) and Essai tur la Nature Morale ft Ii/t,-/- 

 lectuelle de fllommr. (1820). See Carmichael's 

 Memoir of him (Dublin, 1833). 



Spy, in War, is a useful but not highly honoured 

 auxiliary employed to collect informal inn and 

 ascertain the enemy's intruded openiiions. Spies 

 are always used in war, ami their employ- 

 ment is quite recognised bv the law of nations 

 as interpreted by Grotius, Vattel, and Martens ; 

 nor is it held to be any dishonour to a general 

 to avail himself of their services. On the other 

 hand, the spy himself is looked upon as an out- 

 law, and wlien taken is put to death igno- 

 ininionsly and without mercy. A spy is well paid, 

 lest he betray his employer. In the liritish armv 

 spies are employed by the Intelligence branch 

 under the quartermaster-general. In minor 

 expeditions they are generally friendly natives. 

 Military law, kbOBgh distinc-t enough in ordering 

 his death, is not clear in defining what constitute 

 a spy. A man, not belonging to the army, found 

 witnin the lines, either in miilnnn or civil dress, if 

 unable to give a good account of himself would 

 certainly be arrested as a spy, and if anything 

 suspicious could be proved against him "would 

 probably be hanged or shot ; but if found in one 

 camp in the uniform of the opposite side, he may 

 not l>e treated otherwise than as a prisoner of war, 

 or else as a deserter from the enemy. 



Both as regards honour and penalties, it would 

 seem that spies ought in fairness to be divided into 

 two classes first, those who betray their own coun- 

 try to an enemy (either in time of war or peace, 

 and including persons who give foreign powers 

 plans of fortifications, betray the construction 

 of new weapons, &c.); second fy, those who, being 

 enemies, contrive surreptitiously to obtain informa- 

 tion by penetrating into the lines of the opposing 

 army. The first class are traitors of a deep dve, 

 for whom no ignominious death is too bad ; but 

 the second class are brave men, who dare much 

 in the service of their country. It is unfair to 

 accord them the same treat incut as the traitors. 

 Andre (q.v.) was a spy; Benedict Arnold (q.v.) 

 was a traitor. 



Civil governments, even the freest and most 

 emiMituiioiml, do not disdain to make use, on 

 occasion, of political spies the most respectable 

 use for them being the ferreting out of conspiracies 

 and conspirators. In the days of the Tudors the 

 politiea! spy was a frequent and almost rceognised 

 ally of great English ministers like Burghley ; in 

 Ireland, unhappily, government has not seldom had 

 to employ the services of Approvers (q.v.), In- 

 formers (q.v.), and also of professional spies (see 

 Kit/.patrick, Secret Service under Pitt, 1892). The 

 Secret Service Moneys (q.v.) provide for the 

 remuneration of such persons as I.e Caron of the 

 ' Parnellism and ('rime' trial in IfcS'.l, who had 

 entered the Fenian organisation, the United 

 Motherhood or Clan-na-uacl, &c., and kept the 

 government informed of all that went on in these 

 societies. Bismarck was believed to regularly em- 

 ploy sham revolutionists ; the second French empire 

 DM an elalwratcly organised system of espionage. 

 An-iria had at one time the most active agents 

 of any Knrojtcan country, especially in the parts of 

 Italy under Austrian domination. And at the 

 present day the Hussiari system is the most master- 

 ful, Ix'ing almost untrammelled at homo, and, in 

 the less ignoble parts of the service, reprcseni'-d 

 abroad by ladies and gentlemen of great culture 



