C70 



STAfiL 



STAFF 



!' 

 ii 



the established censorship, and then entrusted to 

 the same publisher who had printed Corinne. To 

 see it through the press she established herxelf at 

 Chaumont, and ten thousand copies had already 

 heen struck off when the whole was seized by 

 Savary and destroys), and herself ordered instantly 

 to Coppet. It was the crowning act of Napoleon > 

 malignity, hut fortunately her son had preserved 

 the manuscript, and at length the work was safely 

 mlilished hy John Murray at London in 1813. But 

 irr exile had now become a hitter reality, and she 

 found herself encompassed with spies, the post- 

 masters between Coppet and Geneva forbidden to 

 supply her with horses, and her faithful friends. 

 Montmorency, Schlegel, Madame Recamier, and 

 others exileu or imprisoned for visiting her. Over- 

 whelmed with despair, she escaped secretly to 

 Berne, and thence made her way through Inns- 

 bruck, Vienna, and Galicia to Russia, then to St 

 Petersburg and Stockholm, and finally in June 

 1813 to London. The progress of the enemy of 

 Napoleon through the northern capitals was a con- 

 tinuous triumph, and in England she found herself 

 the object of an unbounded admiration that reached 

 its climax in the enthusiasm which followed the 

 publication of //.- I'Allentagne, the most finished of 

 all her works. She mode acquaintance with Lord 

 Grey, Lord Lansdowne, Sir James Mackintosh, 

 Lord Holland, Canning, Wilberforce, and Byron. 

 The last, while acknowledging his admiration for 

 the writer, has not spared some characteristic 

 sneers against the woman. The autumn of 1814 

 found her again at Paris. She was received with 

 the utmost cordiality by Louis XVIII., but it 

 sickened her patriotic heart to see that French 

 freedom was the work of strangers whose foreign 

 uniforms darkened the streets of Paris. Her old 

 friends flocked to her salon ; Madame Recamier, 

 Madame de Kriidener, and Benjamin Constant, 

 already twice married, disillusioned, and forty- 

 eight years old, but still in love with her, al- 

 though her own feeling had long subsided into 

 quiet affection ; even the time-serving Talleyrand, 

 who had so long forgotten his early friendship, 

 was generously forgiven. She returned for the 

 summer to Coppet, out spent the winter of 1814- 

 15 again at Paris, where the two millions which 

 Necker had left in the Treasury was honourably 

 paid back to her. The escape of Napoleon from 

 Elba drove her hurriedly from Paris, and after 

 Waterloo she did not return to witness the liumilm- 

 ti'iii of the second occupation. She spent the 

 winter in Italy for the sake of the health of Albert 

 de Rocca, whom she had met about the end of 

 1810 at Geneva, and married secretly, though 

 twenty-one years his senior, in the beginning of 

 1811. Her daughter Alliertine martial the Due 

 Victor de Broghe in February 1816. Her own 

 health now began to give way, but she forgot her 

 sufferings in the devoted affection of her husband, 

 liimxelf in enfeebled health and destined for an 

 early grave. She died without pain on the morn- 

 ing of 14th July 1817, and was buried at her 

 father's feet at Coppet. Her surviving son and 

 daughter made public the marriage with Rocca, 

 and received as a brother the son she had borne 

 him. They published with pious care in 1818 her 

 unfinished Considerations tur la Revolution Fran- 

 <"i.v , which Saint-Benve thought her finest work, 

 and in 1821 the Dix Annees d'Eril. 



A complete edition of her works WM issued by her son. 

 the Baron Auguste de Steel (17 vol. 1820 21), with a 

 Notice by her cousin, Madame Neoker de SaiiHsuru. 



Madame de Btaei ha not maintained the place 

 unanimously given her by her contemporaries and her 

 immediate posterity, but she (till remains as a woman 

 and a writer a unique phenomenon in the history of 

 letter*. She had little creative power, was careless of 



style, and was steeped in a sensibility long since happily 

 forgotten ; but her remarkable personality can never low 

 its attrnction, and her work remains entire in its in- 

 fluence on the one side on Koyer-Collard, Guiiot, and the 

 Doctrinaires, and on the other on Lamartine and the 

 whole Romantic movement in France, .she has given an 

 endless subject to the ablest critics of France from ),. r 

 own day down to Sainte-Beuve, who says in one of bis 

 latest writings ( 1862 ). 'she has been one of the idols of 

 my youth, and that idolatry I have not abjured.' 



See the elaborate Lives by Stevens (2 vols. Lond. 

 1880), Lady Blennerhasaett (3 vols. BerL 1887-89; Ens:, 

 trans. :< vols. 1889), and the shorter studies by Bella 

 Duffy ( 1887 ) and Albert Sorel(1890; Eng. trans. 1892). 

 See also Gerando, Lrttrtt infdile* rt tout* n in ' 



phiques de Mad. Rfeamirr et de Mad. de SUM (1868), 

 and the Comte d'llausaonville's book, I.e Salon dt 

 Madame Necker (2 vols. 1882; Eng. trans. 1882). Criti- 

 cisms will be found in Sainte-Benve's Portraits de f'emmrt, 

 and in the collected studies of Caro, Soberer, Brnnetiere, 

 lie. Her husband's Corrttpondance diplomatique was 

 published at Paris in 1881. The famous estate of Coppet, 

 bequeathed by Necker to Madame de Stael, and lastly the 

 property of her granddaughter, Madame d Haussonville, 

 sister of the Due de Broglie, was sold by her in 1880. 



Stall', in a Military sense, consists of a body of 

 skilled officers, whose duty it is under orders from 

 the commanding officers of various grades to arrange 

 the movements and supply of the various Ixxlies 

 which go to make up an army. Regimental officers 

 deal personally with the men under their com- 

 mand. Staff officers deal only with the commanders 

 of the larger units into which the troops are grouped 

 for tactical or administrative purposes. Thus, in 

 arranging the march of an army corps, the officers 

 of the Army Corps Staff won hi, amongst other 

 things, allot the available roads to the three 

 divisions and other troops, &c. The officers of 

 each Divisional Staff would direct the order in 

 which their brigades, fcc. would move along those 

 roads. The Brigade Staffs would give more de- 

 tailed orders, perhaps telling off the battalions 

 required to form the advanced guards; while the 

 Regimental Staffs of these battalions would order 

 the actual formation to be assumed hy them under 

 the command of their Regimental Officers (captains 

 and lieutenants). Artillery and dgfateer duties, 

 Supply and Transport for each unit are managed 

 in a similar way. On the staff of each army corns 

 and division there is a representative of the 

 Artillery, Engineers, Army Service Corps, Medical 

 Stall', Ordnance Store Corps, Veterinary and Pay 

 Departments, Chaplains, Post-office, anil Military 

 Police. A good staff is all-important to the suc- 

 cess of a military enterprise. 



The General Staff of an army comprises the 

 general in actual command, with the sulmrdinate 

 generals commanding the several divisions and 

 brigades ; the assistants to these viz. the officers of 

 the adjutant-general's department Le. the adju- 

 tant-general, his deputy, assistants, and deputy- 

 assistants ; the officers of the quartermaster-general's 

 department; the brigade-majors ; the pmvoHt-niar- 

 shal ; and the judge-advocate the functions of all 

 of whom are described under their respective heads. 

 The head of the general staff of the British army 

 i the adjutant-general at the War Office. India 

 forms a nearly independent command, tinder & 

 commander-in-chief, whose headquarters are in 

 Bengal. There are sultordinate commanders-in- 

 chief in Bombay and Madras ; and in each presi- 

 dency there are several military divisions. Every 

 general in command of a district or body of troops 

 lias a staff consisting of representatives of the 

 adjutant-general's department and of the other ser- 

 vices. An officer l>efore he can he appointed to 

 the general staff must have passed the Staff College 

 or become qualified for the staff by having lieen 

 employed as a staff officer with a force on active 

 service, except in India, in which case he must 



