STAGIRA 



STAIR 



673 



looked on now as an ornamental dog, as he is 

 rarely used for pulliug down the wounded deer, 

 the purpose for which lie was originally kept. The 

 deernound is an immense shaggy dog, standing 

 nearly 30 inches high in some cases, and has a 

 peculiar swing in his action suggestive of great 

 speed, with a keen, determined expression. In con- 

 formation the cleerhound is similar to the grey- 

 hound, but with more bone and power ; the head 

 is long, with powerful jaws. The body is covered 

 with wiry hair about 3 inches long. The colour 

 varies from dark gray to white. As an ornamental 

 and graceful dog the deerhound is without an 

 equal, and as a rule combines good temper with 

 his other companionable qualities. 



Stagi'ra. See ARISTOTLE. 



Slahl. FRIEDRICH JULIUS, writer on law and 

 jurisprudence, was born of Jewish parents at 

 Munich on 16th January 1802. He became a 

 Protestant when seventeen, studied law at the 

 universities of central Germany, and in 1830 pub- 

 lished the first volume of his greatest book, Die 

 Philosophie des Rechts, the second volume of which 

 appeared seven years later. In this work (of 

 which the 3d improved edition in 1854-56 is the 

 best) Stahl proclaimed the doctrine that l>elief in 

 the revealed truths of the Christian religion is the 

 only satisfactory basis of jurisprudence and politics. 

 From 1832 to 1840 he taught alternately at 

 Erlangen and Wurzbnrg, and in 1840 was called 

 to the chair of Philosophy of Law at Berlin. In 

 the Prussian capital he acquired an influential 

 position as a leader of the ' Junker ' or reactionary 

 party in the Chamber of Magnates (of which he 

 wo* appointed a life-member) and as an uncom- 

 promising opponent of all political change, and the 

 mouthpiece of a stern Lutheranism in the church 

 assemblies. He died at Briickenau (north-west 

 comer of Bavaria) on 10th August 1861, a deter- 

 mined opponent to the last of the various liberal 

 parties in both civil and ecclesiastical politics. He 

 wrote several other books, as Der Christliche Staat 

 ( 1847 ). in which he advocated a sovereign despotism 

 grounded on a doctrine very similar to the ' divine 

 right of kings ; ' Der Protestantismtts alg poli- 

 tisches Princip ( 1853 ) ; Wat ist Revolution ? ( 1852 ) ; 

 Wider Bumen (1856); and Siebenzehn parlamen- 

 tarische Reden ( 1862). 



Stahl, GEORG ERNST, author of the Phlogiston 

 (q.v. ) theory in chemistry and of the theory of 

 animism in medicine (see Vol. VII. p. 118), was 

 born at Ansbach on 21st October 1660, and held 

 successively the appointments of court-physician 

 (from 1687) to the Duke of Saxe- Weimar, professor 

 of Medicine (from 1694) in Halle, and body -physi- 

 cian (from 1714) to the king of Prussia. He died 

 at Berlin on 14th May 1734. His chemical theory 

 was expounded in Experimenta et Observationes 

 Chemicce (Berl. 1731), and his medical in Theoria 

 Medico Vera ( Halle, 1707). 



Stained Glass. See GLASS (PAINTED). 



Slaincr. JAKOB, violin-maker, was born at 

 Absam near Hall in Tyrol on 14th July 1621, and 

 was apprenticed to a maker of stringed musical 

 instruments at Innsbruck. There is a legend, 

 devoid of foundation, however, that he worked 

 under some of the Amati at Cremona. He did 

 somehow learn the secret of the Italian method of 

 constructing violins, and so won a reputation that 

 passed beyond Germany, into Italy and England, 

 and lasted for more than a century. At the 

 present day his violins are valued as curiosities, 

 but are not esteemed of use by practical musicians. 

 Stainer died in 1683, insane, and, in spite of grand- 

 ducal favour, in a state of poverty. There is a 

 Life by Rnf ( Innsbruck, 1872). 

 459 



Stainer, SIR JOHN, organist and composer, was 

 born in London, 4th June 1840, and oecame a 

 chorister in St Paul's Cathedral. He was made 

 organist of Magdalen College at Oxford in 1859, 

 and there he successively took the degrees of 

 Mus.Bac., B.A., Mus.Doc., and M.A. In 1872 

 he became organist of St Paul's Cathedral. He 

 holds numerous other appointments, such as in- 

 spector of music to the Education Department, 

 and professor of Music at Oxford (1889). In 

 1888 he was knighted. Among his works are the 

 cantatas The Daughter of Jairus (1878) and St 

 Mary Magdalen (1883), a Treatise on Harmony 

 (5th ed. 1881), a Dictionary of Musical Terms 

 (conjointly with W. A. Barrett, 3d ed. 1888), and 

 several smaller primers and books on music. 



SlailH'S. a picturesque town of Middlesex, on 

 the left bank of the Thames, 6 miles SE. of Wind- 

 sor and 19 WSW. of London (354 by river). It 

 took its name from the 'London Stone' (1280), 

 marking the county boundary ; it has a granite 

 bridge t>y Kennie (1832); and in the neighbour- 

 hood are Runnimede, Eghain, and Cooper's Hill, all 

 noticed separately. Pop. ( 1851 ) 2430 ; ( 1891 ) 5060. 



Stair, a village in Ayrshire which gives the 

 title of Earl to the ancient Scottish family of 

 Dalrymple. A Dalrymple of Stair was among the 

 Lollards of Kyle summoned before James IV. ; 

 his great-grandson was one of the earliest to make 

 public profession of the Reformed doctrines. James 

 Dalrymple of Stair ( 1619-95) studied at Glasgow 

 University, served in the army, and acted six years 

 as Regent in Philosophy at Glasgow, next joined 

 the bar (1648), and scarcely ten years after was 

 recommended by Monk to Cromwe'll for the office 

 of a lord of session, as 'a very honest man and a 

 good lawyer.' He was confirmed in office, and 

 created a Nova Scotia baronet in 1664. It was 

 the death of his daughter Janet in 1669, within 

 a month of her marriage to Dunbar of Halt loon, 

 that gave Scott the tragic plot of The Bride of 

 Lammermoor. His wife, who survived till 1692, 

 was credited in Galloway with being a witch. 

 About the close of 1670 Dalrymple was made 

 president of the Court of Session and member of 

 the Privy -council, and during the next ten years, 

 if he distinguished himself by reforms in legal pro- 

 cess, he must have winked hard at much wicked- 

 ness and illegality in high places. The Duke of 

 York took up the work of government at Edin- 

 burgh in 1679, and Dalrymple, who honestly hated 

 Popery at least, soon found himself obliged to 

 retire to the country. In his leisure he prepared 

 liis famous work, the Institutes of the Law of Scot- 



His wife and his tenants were devoted to 

 the Covenant, and accordingly he soon became 

 involved in a fierce dispute witii Claverhouse, who 

 was ravaging Galloway with a military commission. 

 In Octolier 1682 he found it necessary to flee to 

 Holland, returned with the Prince of Orange, and 

 soon after was restored to the presidency in Lock- 

 hart's room. He was created Viscount of Stair, 

 Lord Glenlnce and Stranraer in 1690, was much 

 molested by factious attacks during his last years, 

 and died at Edinburgh, 25th November 1695. See 

 J. G. Mackay's Jtfemoir(Edin. 1873), and The Stair 

 Annals, edited by J. Murray Graham (Edin. 1875). 

 His second son was Sir James Dalrymple (q.v.j. 

 Collaterally connected was the learned Lord Hailes 

 (q.v.), whose own younger brother was the hydro- 

 grapher Alexander'Dalrymple (q.v.). 



The eldest son, Sir John Dalrymple, first Earl of 

 Stair, was born in 1648, and followed the hereditary 

 profession of his family. He came into violent 

 collision with Claverhouse in Galloway, and was 

 flung into prison in Edinburgh and heavily fined, 

 but early in 1687, by a remarkable turn in the 



