674 



STALACTITES 



STA.MKNS 



royal policy, 'the springs' of which Wodrow 

 prudently leaves 'to the civil historian of the 

 period,' ne liiul all his charges remitted, and be- 

 came king's advocate, Lord Justice-clerk the next 

 V.-ir. He acquiesced easily in the accession of 

 \Villiam, became Lord Advocate, and for some years 

 as Secretary of State had the chief management of 

 Scottish allairx On his shoulders, therefore, with 

 Breadalbane and the king, mainly rests the infamy 

 of the massacre of Glencoe (q.v.). He was created 

 Earl of Stair in April I70S He took an active 

 part in the debates and intrigues that preceded the 

 carrying of the Treaty of Union, and indeed fell a 

 victim to his zeal in its cause, dying suddenly the 

 morning after a long and vehement debate, 8th 

 January 1707. 'He was,' says Defoe, 'justly 

 reputed the greatest man of counsel in the kingdom 

 of Scotland. ' See Omond's Lord Advocates of Scot- 

 land (vol. i.), and J. Murray Graham's Stair 

 Annals (2 vols. 1875). John Dalrymple, second 

 Earl of Stair, was the second son of the second 

 viscount and first earl, and was born at Edinburgh, 

 20th July 1673. At eight he shot his elder brother 

 dead by accident at the family seat of Carscreujjh 

 Castle in Wigtownshire. He was brought up In 

 Holland, studied at Leyden, and early attracted 

 the notice of the Prince of Orange. He volunteered 

 for service, was present at Steenkerk, and by 1701 

 was lieutenant-colonel in the Scots foot-guards, 

 in 1706 colonel of the Cameronians. He was aide- 

 de-camp to Marlborough in 1703, and showed con- 

 spicuous courage at Venlo. He commanded a 

 brigade of infantry at Kamillies, and was rewarded 

 with the colonelcy of the Scots Greys in August 

 1706. He distinguished himself greatly at Ouden- 

 arde (1708), was promoted major-general, and 

 commanded his brigade at the siege of Lille and at 

 Malplaqiiet. His rank of general he received in 

 1712, after which he retired to Edinburgh to 

 intrigue for the Hanoverian succession. In 1714 

 he married the beautiful and strong-willed widow, 

 Eleanor, Viscountess Primrose, forcing her consent 

 for the sake of her reputation by the artifice of 

 concealing himself in her house and showing him- 

 self at her bedroom window. This audacious 

 ruse afforded a foundation for Scott's story, Mi/ 

 A nut Margaret's Mirror. On the accession of 

 George I. Stair returned to favour, and soon 

 after was appointed ambassador to Paris. He 

 played a great r61e under the regent Orleans, lived 

 with splendid magnificence, yet checkmated at 

 every turn the Pretender and the vast schemes of 

 Alberoni. Recalled in 1720 with fortunes sadly 

 impaired, he mainly devoted himself thereafter to 

 agricultural improvements, introducing turnips and 

 cabbages, while his clever wife became a leader of 

 society in Scotland, and helped to make Mortal the 

 fashion. On Walpole's fall Stair was made field - 

 marshal ( 1742), and appointed governor of Minorca, 

 without residence. He took the command of the 

 army which was to act in support of Maria Theresa 

 in conjunction with a Dutch and Austrian force, but 

 had already lost ground strategically in presence 

 of Noailles, when George II. came to take com- 

 mand in person. Stair showed his usual courage 

 at Dettingen, but after the victory was allowed to 

 resign. He died at Queensberry House, Edinburgh, 

 9th May 1747. See the Annals by Graham. 



Stalactites, STALAGMITES. See CAVE, p. 34. 



Stall, the technical English name for the seats 

 in churches reserved for the clergy and choir, and 

 usually lining the choir or chancel on both sides, 

 sometimes in two or' more rows. In cathedrals 

 and other large churches they are generally en- 

 closed at the back with a high screen, and are 

 often surmounted with pinnacled canopies of taber- 

 nacle work, the backs and arms being usually 



carved in a more or less ornate manner. At the 

 west end are often ' return ' stalls, facing east; lor 

 the dean, warden, chancellor, or other digniiaiies. 



Stalls, Westminster Abbey. 



In Henry VII.'s Chapel (1502-20), Westminster 

 Abbey, tne dark oak elioir stalls, with their finely- 

 carved Misereres (q.v.), are appropriated to the 

 Knights of the Bath, and the lower seats to their 

 squires ; and each stall Iwars its occupant's 

 armorial liearings in brass, with a sword and 

 banner above. At Winchester, Chester, Windsor, 

 and King's College, Cambridge, are also line 

 examples of stalls. 



Slallbaiiin. GOTTFRIED (1793-1861), profe~-,,i 

 at Leipzig, edited Herodotus, Plato (12 vols. 

 1821-25), and other classics. 



M:il> brulir* 1 . a cotton town of Cheshire ami 

 Lancashire, with machine-shops, \c., 74 miles E. 

 by N. of Manchester. It was made a municipal 

 borough in 1857, a parliamentary borough in I MI;. 

 Pop. of the -former (1861) 20,760; (1891) 26,783; 

 of the latter (1891) 44, 135. 



Stainboiil. See CONSTANTINOPLE. 



StaiiibiiloH'. STKI-II.XN NIKOUII-. Hulgnriaii 

 statesman, was born, the son of an innkee|>er, in 

 1855, at Tirnova, studied there and at Odessa, and 

 bore a part in the rising of 1875-7(i. He held utlire 

 during the Russian occupation after the war of 

 1878, and, now an advocate in Tirnova, became' 

 conspicuous a> a radical leader in the new National 

 Assembly. He was the ehiei" member of the regency 

 after Prince Alexander's abdication (Is.xiii, ami 

 strenuously opposed all Russian partisans. After 

 the election of Ferdinand he was premier 1887-94, 

 and ruled with as little regard for the prince as for 

 the Assembly. Forced then to retire, on 15th July 

 iv.l.'i he was attacked by a"a-Mii- and savagely 

 mutilated, and died on the 18th. See Life by A. 

 (Inline lieaman (1S95). 



Stamens, forming the male part of the Flower 

 (q.v.), comprise a filament and an anther, and are 

 inside Hower leaves, petals, and sepals, and outside 



