678 



8TANDISH 



STANFORD 



marked tin- lioundaries of sanctuary or proprietary 

 rights. Single stone*, sometimes of great size, are 

 often found standing in sites where no memory or 

 tradition of their purpose exists. Occasionally 

 nrrident or investigation discloses the fact that 

 they mark the -he- of prehistoric burials. They 

 are sometimes arranged in groups of two or four, 

 placet! at short distances apart, as at Lundin LinUs, 

 near Largo, in Fife, three of which are still stand- 

 ing (nlxiut 18 feet in height), as shown in the 

 engraving. Such groups if composed of a large 

 numlier of -tones may lie arranged in the form 

 of circles, or avenues, or alignments, or grou|>s 

 of irregular linen converging slightly at one end. 

 When arranged in the form of circles they are 

 usually considered as belonging to a special clous 

 of prehistoric monuments or uurial-pluces known 

 as Stone Circles (q.v.). Other groups of standing 

 stones arranged in lines like those of Carnac (n.v.) 

 in Brittany, however, are as yet undetermined as 

 to their purpose, though they are unhesitatingly 

 assigned to tlie prehistoric period. Smaller groii| is 

 than the famous ones of Brittany are found in the 

 north of Scotland, and are sometimes :t oeiated 

 with burial-cairns, presuinbly of the a^c of bronze. 



for long it- treasurer. A monument, 100 feet high 

 and surmounted by a statue, has been erected to 

 lam on Captain's Hill, at Duxbnry. See De 

 Costa's Footprints of Miles Stantlish ( 1864 ) ; Henry 

 Johnson's l-.j'/ilmU ofMUa Standisti ( 1897). 



Stanfleld, CLARKSON, marine |>ainter, was 

 born of Irish Roman Catholic pan-nt- at Sunder- 

 land in 1794, bin father living an actor and author. 

 He became a sailor in 1808, was pressed into the 

 navy in 1812, and served for a time, in the ship in 

 which Douglas Jerrpld was a midshipman. He 

 showed talent both in painting anil drawing, ami 

 was taken note of by Captain Marryat. Stantield 

 left the navy in 1818, and thereafter took to scene- 

 painting as a means of earning his bread at 

 first in the Old Royalty Theatre, and afterwards 

 in Kilinlmrgh and at Drury Lane. While painting 

 for the theatres he had by no means neglected 

 ea-el -painting. The first picture by him that 

 attracted any considerable notice was ' Market- 

 I mat- on the Scheldt,' exhibited at the British 

 Institution in 1828. In 1830 Stanfield exhibited 

 at the Academy his 'Mount St Michael, Cornwall,' 

 which placed him at once in the foremost rank as 

 a marine painter. In 1823 Stantield, in conjunc- 

 tion with David Roberts and others, 

 founded the Society of British 

 Artists. Elected A.K.A. in 1832 

 and R.A. in 1835, he continued to 

 send pictures to the Academy till 

 bis death at Hampstead, 18th May 

 1867. Among his best-known 

 pictures, marked by truth, finish, 

 and poetic feeling, were ' The 

 Abandoned ' and 'The Wreck of 

 a Dutch East Indiaman.' 



Standing Stones, Lundin Links, Fifeshire 



Several of these have been described in Caithness, 

 the largest consisting of about 450 stones dfapMM 

 in twenty two rows of about 150 feet in length. 

 In Norway groups of standing stones arranged in 

 triangular and rectangular forms occur, ami are 

 known by investigation to be burial-places of the 

 iron age. Commemorative monuments of the early 

 Christian time frequently consist of unhewn blocks 

 of stone having short inscriptions cut on their 

 smoother faces, or incised with crosses or symlMils. 

 See Kergn-on's /,'</</.' Stum- Minnum nls ( IHT'Jl, ami 

 other works cited at ARCHEOLOGY and SCULP- 

 TfUKD STUXKS. 



Staildisll. MVI.KS, waslxirnat Diixhury, Lanca- 

 shire, about l.'iM, sen IM| in the Netherlands, and, 

 though not a member of the Ley den congregation, 

 sailed with the Mtnjflowcr colony to Ma--ac husetls 

 in 1620, and Wanie the champion of the Pilgrims 

 gainst the Indians. During the lii-i winter his 

 wife died, and the traditional account of his lirst 

 effort to secure another partner has lieen made 

 familiar by Ixingfellow. In 1622, wanted of a plot 

 to exterminate the English, he enticed three of the 

 Indian leaders into a room at Weymoiith, where 

 his party, after a desperate fight, killed them, 

 and a battle that followed ended in the flight 

 of the natives. In 1632 he settled at Dnxhury, 

 Massachusetts, where he died, 3d October 1656. 

 Stamli-h was the military head of the colony, and 



Stanford. CHARLES VIL- 



i.n:i;s. mn-ical composer, was born 

 at Dublin on 30th September 1852. 

 He entered at Queen's College, 

 Cambridge, and in 1873 was ap- 

 pointed organist at Trinity College 

 there. Except his operas, most of 

 his works have been produced at 

 one or other of the musical festivals 

 in the provincial capitals of Eng- 

 land (tloucester, Birmingham, 

 Leeds, Norwich, \c. His liest ami 

 most successful productions have been the choral 

 settings of Tennyson's Revenge (1886) and the 

 I'lii/n,/,- nf Miirlilinif (IH8!)); the oratorios The 

 Three Hoi n cl,il,lr>;t (1885) and Kilen ( 1891 ) ; the 

 operas The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan (1881), 

 .^'iniiiarola (1884), and The Canterbury Pilgrim* 

 (1SS4); an orchestral serenade; a couple of sym- 

 phonies, particularly the Elegiac symphony ( 1882) ; 

 ami some pieces for the violin and pianoforte. In 

 1882 he was appointed professor of Composition 

 and Orchestral Playing in the Koyal College of 

 Music, and in 1887 succeeded Sii <;. A. Maclanen 

 as. professor of Music at Cambridge. The opcru 

 Minimis O'lln'iii was produced in | s; ii. 



Stanford, LKI.AND, railway constructor, mil- 

 lionaire, and senator, was liorn at \\atervliet, 

 New York, 9th March 1824, and in 1856 settled 

 in business in San Krancisco. A strong Mippoiter 

 of the Pacific Hallway scheme, he was made presi- 

 dent of the Central Pacific Company, and superin- 

 tended the construction of the line. Already 

 governor of California, he was in 1885 elected a 

 United State- senator. Out of a fortune estimated 

 at more than $50,000,000 he gave to the state 

 of California 920,000,000 to found, in memory of 

 his son, a university at Palo Alto (q.v.), where, 

 over and above the usual academic studies, tele- 

 graphy, type-setting, farming, journalism, &c- 

 should I*- taught. He died June 20, 1893. 



