STANLEY 



681 



with a lady of marked mental ability and social 

 charm, who like himself was a persona grata at the 

 Queen's court, all combined to invest the Deanery 

 with a prestige and influence, as a centre of society, 

 possessed, we may safely say, by no great contem- 

 porary house either of the English hierarchy or 

 aristocracy. All that was really best in London 

 society was to be met in Lady Augusta's salon; 

 whatever was freshest and most genuine in litera- 

 ture, science, and art, most distinguished in char- 

 acter, most interesting in any department of life 

 gravitated thither, and was received with warm 

 and gracious welcome. With his wife's death a 

 lilight seemed to fall on the Deanery and its 

 master ; and during the few years that he survived 

 her his life was obviously wounded too deeply to 

 recover its elasticity, and too grievously stricken 

 by the loss of ' the inseparable partner in every joy 

 and straggle of twelve eventful years ' to be able 

 to withstand the attack of sharp disease such as 

 seized him in the summer of 1881. He sank 

 rapidly. Among his farewell words were : ' I 

 always wished to die at Westminster ; ' and there 

 he died, in the Deanery, before midnight on Mon- 

 day, 18th July. He was buried by the Queen's 

 commands beside his wife in Henry VII.'s chapel. 

 He nad left directions, which were duly obeyed, 

 that among his pall-bearers there should be a 

 minister of the Church of Scotland and an English 

 Nonconformist, and that the Abbey on his funeral 

 day should be freely open to the people. A recum- 

 bent marble effigy surmounts his tomb. 



See the Life and Correspondence, by R. E. Prothero 

 and Dean Bradley ( 2 vola. 1893); and the Recollections 

 of A. P. Stanley, by Dean Bradley (1883). 



Stanley, HEXRY MORTON, the African explorer, 

 although a citizen of the United States, was born 

 near Denbigh in Wales about 1840. His parents 

 were in humble circumstances, and at an early age 

 John Rowlands, as his name then was, had to 

 shift for himself. When still a lad of fourteen or 

 fifteen he left England, and the story goes that 

 he worked his way as a cabin-boy to New Orleans, 

 where he was fortunate enough to obtain employ- 

 ment in the office of a merchant named Stanley. 

 He assumed the name of his employer, who took 

 a keen interest in the young Welshman ; but on 

 the death of the merchant intestate he was again 

 thrown on his own resources. He served in the 

 Confederate army, ami appears to have become a 

 contributor to several American journals. In 1867 

 he was acting as correspondent for the New York 

 Tribune and the Missouri Democrat on a military 

 expedition against the Indians, and towards the 

 close of that year began his connection with the 

 New York Herald. It was as its special corre- 

 spondent that Stanley first entered Africa. He 

 accompanied Lord Napier's Abyssinian expedition, 

 and so ably did he make his dispositions that the 

 first news of the fall of Magdala was conveyed to 

 the British public and also to the British govern- 

 ment by the New York Herald. Stanley next 

 went to Spain for his paper, and while in Madrid 

 received the famous telegram from Mr Gordon 

 Bennett summoning him to Paris ; he went at 

 once, and received the laconic instructions to ' find 

 Livingstone.' This was in October 1869, but 

 Stanley did not at once proceed on his new mis- 

 sion ; he visited Egypt for the opening of the 

 Suez Canal, and travelled through Palestine, 

 Turkey, southern Russia, and Persia, arriving in 

 India in August 1870. In the following January 

 he reached Zanzibar, and towards the end of March 

 he set out on his first expedition into the heart 

 of the dark continent Two white men who 

 accompanied him soon turned back ; there was the 

 usual trouble with the porters ; but in those early 

 days Stanley displayed the qualities of courage, 



perseverance, and command over the native African 

 which have won for him such a high position in 

 the long roll of African explorers. The road to 

 Tanganyika was not then what it is now ; but all 

 difficulties were overcome, and on November lOtli 

 Stanley had the satisfaction of greetiag Living- 

 stone. For four months they remained together, 

 and there can be little doubt that the influence 

 and example of Livingstone during these four 

 months had a lasting ettect on Stanley's character 

 and career. Stanley met Livingstone a special 

 correspondent ; he parted from Livingstone with 

 the fever of African exploration burning in his 

 veins. The two men had together explored 

 the north end of Lake Tanganyika, and con- 

 clusively settled that the lake had no connection 

 with the Nile basin. On March 13, 1872, Stanley 

 left Livingstone and set out on his return to the 

 coast, having left large quantities of goods with 

 the veteran, and given promises of further assist- 

 ance. In less than two months he arrived at 

 Zanzibar, and in August in England, where he 

 was awarded the medal of the Royal Geographical 

 Society, and feted as the lion of the hour. His 

 book, How / Found Livingstone, had an enormous 

 sale. During the Ashanti campaign he followed 

 the fortunes of Sir Garnet Wolseley's troops, for 

 the New York Herald, and he returned to London 

 only just in time to assist at the funeral of 

 Livingstone in Westminster Abbey. The news of 

 Livingstone's death kindled in Stanley a great 

 resolution to complete the work in which his master 

 had lost his life. 



An expedition fitted out at the joint charge of 

 the New York Herald and the Daily Telegraph was 

 projected, with Stanley in supreme command. In 

 August 1874 he left England to attempt the 

 solution of some of the great problems of Central 

 African geography. In November, with some 350 

 men of all descriptions, he quitted Bagamoyo, fol- 

 lowing the ordinary route to Ugogo, when, turning 

 suddenly northwards, he made for the southern 

 shore of the Victoria Nyanza. From Kagehyi, 

 on Speke Gulf, he circumnavigated the lake, 

 and approximately fixed its general outline. In 

 Uganda he formed a close friendship with King 

 MUwa, and on his return home his reports of the 

 readiness of the kine to receive instruction in the 

 Christian religion led to a great outburst of 

 missionary enthusiasm, and the establishment of 

 mission stations in Uganda. At Bambireh, an 

 island off the south-west shore of the lake, he 

 came into serious conflict with the natives, and 

 the severe punishment he inflicted was subse- 

 quently made the subject of much hostile criticism 

 in England. Passing through Karagwe, he reached 

 Tanganyika, and set himself to determine its exact 

 configuration. This accomplished, he made his 

 way to Nyangwe on the Lualaba, where he first met 

 Tippu Tib, the Arab chief ; and from Tippu he 

 learned that Cameron had not attempted the solu- 

 tion of the problem suggested by this great mass of 

 water (lowing northwards. It is of course impos- 

 sible to give even in the barest outline the story 

 of Stanley's ten months' journey from Nyangwe 

 to the sea, by which he traced the course of the 

 Congo and filled up an enormous blank in the 

 map of Africa. When he arrived at Boma all his 

 white companions were dead, hardly a third of 

 his native followers had survived, and Stanley's 

 black hair had turned white. It would be difficult 

 to exaggerate the effect produced by this great 

 journey. Politically it led directly to the found- 

 ing of what is now the Congo Free State, and 

 indirectly to that scramble for Africa among the 

 European powers which has now left but an 

 insignificant portion of the continent nnparti- 

 tioned. Stanley returned to London in January 



