682 



STANLEY 



STANTON DREW 



1878, published Through the Dark Continent and in 

 1879 again went out to Africa to found, under 

 tin- auspices of the king of the Belgians the Con^o 

 Free State. Until 1884 this work engaged all his 

 energies. He then returned to Europe, and in 

 1885 published The Congo and the Founding of iff 

 Free Stale. He took part in the Congo Congress 

 at Berlin in 1884-85, and lectured widely, both, in 

 Britain and in America, on his African work. 



Towards the end of 1886 Stanley was summoned 

 from America to take command of the expedition 

 for the relief of Kinin Pasha (see ScilMTXKlt). On 

 J-2d February 1887 he arrived at Zanzibar; on the 

 J.'itli he, bis officers, and the Zanzilwiri porters, 

 Somalia, and Soudanese soldiers sailed for the 

 mouth of the Congo, where they landed on 18th 

 March. On 15th June the expedition had reached 

 the village of Yambuva, 1300 miles from the sea, 

 on the left bank of ttie Aruwimi, 96 miles above 

 ite confluence with the Congo. Here Stanley 

 divided his forces. He left at Yambuva camp a 

 large number of loads, which were to be brought 

 on as soon as porters were provided by Tippu 

 Tib. The entire force which left Zanzibar num- 

 bered, all told, 706 men. Betxveen Zanzibar and 

 Yambuva it was reduced to 649. Of this num- 

 ber 389, including Stanley and five Europeans, 

 made up the advance force, the garrison at Yam- 

 buya numbered 129, and a contingent 131 strong 

 was shortly to Join the Yambuya camp from 

 Bololio. Major Barttelot was left in command of 

 the rear column, and on 28th June Stanley set out 

 on his forced march through the forest, tt is im- 

 possible to follow in dc ail the story of Stanley's 

 indomitable struggle with almost insurmountable 

 difficulties. Disaster overtook the rear column ; 

 its leader, Major Barttelot, was assassinated ; 

 Jameson, the next in command, died of fever, and 

 Bonny alone remained at the camp. For many 

 months no news of Stanley reached Europe ; then 

 came rumours of disaster ; and finally the news that 

 r'.miii and Stanley had joined hands on the shores 

 of the Albert N van/a. Into the history of their 

 relations it is needless to enter, as there exists a 

 small library of Emin literature dealing with the 

 subject in all its aspects. The return journey was 

 made by an overland route to the east coast, and 

 Bagamoyo was reached on 4th December 1889. 

 Apart from the main object of Stanley's journey, 

 tliis expedition established the existence of avast 

 tropical forest to the west of the lake country, and 

 occupying the northern portion of the Congo 

 basin, as also of the vast snow-capped height of 

 Huweiizori (18,000 to 19,000 feet). In 1890 

 Stanley, after recruiting his health in Egypt and 

 the south of France, returned to London, and met 

 with ii royal reception. He was everywhere feasted 

 and feted; the 1 loyal Geographical Society bestowed 

 on hima Niiecialgold medal ; and Oxford, Cambridge, 

 Kilinliurgli, Durham, and Halle conferred on him 

 honorary degree*. Having married Miss Dorothy 

 Tennant (1800), he settled in Kngland, stood un- 

 successfully as Unionist candidate for Lambeth in 

 180*2, but was elected M.P. for that constituency 

 in 1895. 



Hu work* include, besides those named above, Coo- 

 nuiuie anil MmjiMa (1874); In Itarkeit Africa: or the 

 Vf jf, Krxue, and Setreat of Emin ( 1890) ; a novel, My 

 Kiilulu ( 1873) ; Mil JJark Companion* and their Strange 

 Storitt (1883); and My Early Trnrdt in America and 

 Atin ( 181*5). See alio the article SCHNITZKB, and boolu 

 cited there, and CONGO. 



Stanley, THOMAS, translator of .'Kschylns and 

 historian of philosophy, was the son of Sir Thomas 

 Stanley, and was born at his house of Comlierlow 

 in Hertfordshire in 1625. He had Fairfax, trans- 

 lator of Tasso, for private tutor, and studied at 

 Cambridge, passing M.A. in 1641. He also had 



the Oxford master's degree, though he does not 

 seem to have studied there. He became a memU-r 

 of the Middle Temple, and practised law through- 

 out life, though his best energies were given to 

 literature. He published translations from the 

 Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, and Italian poets; 

 but his great works were the tlutory of Philotofifi u 

 (4 vols. 1655-62) and an edition of .Kschylus, with 

 Latin translation and commentarv ( 1663^64). The 

 former deals only with Creek jphilosophy, and is 

 based on Diogenes Laertius ; but it was long a 

 standard work, having been translated into Latin 

 by Leclerc and others. The AJtchylus was gener- 

 ally considered to surpass its predecessors (though 

 Stanley was blamed for ' plagiarism ' from Cosau- 

 bon, Scaliger, and others); the best edition was 

 that edited by Butler in 1809-16. Stanley died 

 in London, 12th April 1678. See the Life prefixed 

 to Brydges' edition of his Poems ( 1814-15). 



Stanley, YKXKTIA. See DIGBY ( KKNKI.M). 



Stanley Pool, a lake-like expansion, in 16 E. 

 long, and 4 S. lat., of the river Congo (q.v.), dis- 

 covered by H. M. Stanley in 1877. It measures 

 25 miles in length by Iti'in width, and lies 1142 

 feet above sea-level. 



Stannaries (Lat. stannum, 'tin'), the mine* 

 from which tin is dug. The term is most generally 

 used with reference to the peculiar laws and usages 

 of the tin-mines in the counties of Cornwall and 

 Devon. By an early usage peculiar to these 

 counties, the prerogative of the crown, elsewhere 

 reaching only to gold and silver mines, is extended 

 to mines of tin, which are the property of the 

 sovereign, whoever be the owner of the soil. A 

 charter of King John to his tinners in Cornwall and 

 Devonshire, of date 1201, authorised them to dig 

 tin, and turf to melt the tin, anywhere in the 

 moors, and in the fees of bishops, abbots, and earls, 

 as they hod been used and accustomed a privilege 

 afterwards confirmed by successive monarchs. 

 When Edward HI. created his son, the Black 

 Prince, Duke of Cornwall, lie at the same time 

 conferred on him the Stannaries of Devon and 

 Cornwall, which were incorporated in perpetuity 

 with the duchy. Their administration is committed 

 to an officer called the Lord Warden of the Stan- 

 naries, who has two sulistitntes or vice-wardens, 

 one for Cornwall and one for Devon. In former 

 times representative assemblies of the tinners 

 (called parliaments ) were summoned by the warden 

 under a writ from the Duke of Cornwall, for the 

 regulation of the stannaries and redress of griev- 

 ances : the last of them was held in 1752. The 

 Stannary Courts are courts of record held by the 

 warden and vice-warden, of the same limited' and 

 exclusive character as the Courts- palatine, in 

 which the tinners have the privilege of suing and 

 licing sued. They were remodelled and regulated 

 by a series of acts of parliament. Appeals from 

 these courts are now taken to the Court of Appeal, 

 and there is a final appeal to the House of Lords. 

 In Cornwall the right to dig tin in unenclosed or 

 ' wastrel ' lands within specified bounds may be 

 acquired by one who is not the owner of the lands, 

 on going through certain formalities, the party 

 acquiring this right being bound to pay one- 

 fifteenth to the owner of the lands. An ancient 

 privilege, by which the Duke of Cornwall had the 

 right of pre-emption of tin throughout that county, 

 has long fallen into alwyance. 



Stannic Acid. See TIN. 



si .-muni > prs. See PHOTOGRAPHY. 



Stanovoi Mountain*. See SIBERIA, p. 426. 



S'tanton Drew, a small village of Somerset- 

 shire, 7 miles S. of Bristol, with great megalithio 

 remains, especially stone circles. 



