STENOGRAPHY 



STEPHEN 



717 



ally drew away his mind from natural science ; he 

 became a man of marked piety, was made a bishop, 

 and in 1677 was despatched by the pope to the 

 north of Germany to act as vicar-apostolic of those 

 regions. He died at Schwerin on 25th November 

 1687. See Professor Hughes in Nature for 1882. 

 Stenography. See SHORTHAND. 



Stentor, one of the Greeks before Troy, whose 

 voice was as loud as that of fifty men together. 



Stephanite. See SILVER, p. 461. 



Stephanotis. See ASCLEPIADACELE. 



Stephen, saint and protomartyr ; see DEACON. 

 His festival falls on December 26. 



Stephen, the name of ten popes of the Roman 

 Catholic Church. STEPHEN I. was the successor 

 of Lucius III., and his pontificate (254-257) is 

 memorable only for his hotly maintaining against 

 Cyprian that heretics baptised by heretics need 

 not be rebaptised on admission into the orthodox 

 church. A martyr according to tradition, he 

 was canonised, his day falling on August 2. 

 STEPHEN II. died two days after his election 

 (March 27, 752), hence he is often omitted 

 from the list of popes. His successor, STEPHEN 

 III., was a native of Rome. When Astolphus, 

 king of the Lombards, threatened Rome, and the 

 Byzantine emperor, Constantine Copronymos, left 

 unheeded his appeals for succour, Stephen turned 

 to Pepin, king of the Franks, who forced Astolphus 

 to withdraw, and gave the pope the exarchate of 

 Ravenna, the real foundation of the temporal 

 power of the papacy. Stephen died in 757. 

 STEPHEN VII., elected in 896, is infamous from 

 his disinterring the corpse of his penultimate pre- 

 decessor, Formosns, and throwing it into the Tiber. 

 The year after he himself was strangled in prison. 

 STEPHEN X. was elected in 1057, under the 

 influence of the celebrated Hildebrand, but died 

 after eight months' rule. 



Stephen, king of England (1135-54), was the 

 third son of Stephen, Count of Blois, by Adela, 

 daughter of William the Conqueror, and was there- 

 fore nephew of Henry I. and cousin of Matilda, 

 daughter of Henry. He was born in 1105, came 

 over to England at an early age, and became a 

 favourite with his uncle, who gave him the count- 

 ship of Mortain in Normandy, while he gained that 

 of Boulogne by marriage with its heiress, a niece of 

 the famous Godfrey of Bouillon, and granddaughter 

 of Malcolm and ifargaret of Scotland. When his 

 uncle Henry I. resolved to settle the crown on his 

 daughter Matilda, whose first husband was Henry 

 V., emperor of Germany whence she is often styled 

 the ' Empress Maud ' he held a council in London 

 early in 1127, where Stephen with the rest took the 

 oath of fealty to Maud. A few months later the 

 widowed empress married Geoffrey Plantagenet. 

 On the death of Henry I. (December 1, 1135) 

 Stephen hurried over to England from Normandy, 

 was hailed witli enthusiasm by the Londoners and 

 the citizens of Winchester, and was crowned on the 

 32d of the same month. He promised many 

 reforms, but though really a merciful and generous 

 man he never received, or deserved to receive, 

 confidence from his people. He attempted to 

 strengthen his position by the unpopular policy of 

 bringing into England bands of Fleming mercen- 

 >ries, and he made enemies as fast as friends by 

 the lavish favours he heaped upon certain of the 

 great lords. King David of Scotland invaded the 

 North on Maud's behalf, but suffered a severe 

 defeat near Northallerton (1138), yet Stephen was 

 not strong enough to do more than compromise 

 with him oy way of peace, David's son Henry being 

 allowed to hold all Northumberland save Bani- 

 borough and Newcastle as a fief, while David kept 



Cumberland without homage. The first powerful 

 enemy that the king made within England was 

 Robert, Earl of Gloucester, an illegitimate son of 

 Henry I., who held the strong fortress of Bristol; 

 and next he arrayed against himself the whole 

 power of the clergy by his quarrel with the Jus- 

 ticiar, Roger, bishop of Salisbury, his nephews 

 the bishops of Ely and Lincoln, and his illegiti- 

 mate son Roger the Chancellor. The realm now 

 fell into sheer anarchy ; the barons plundered and 

 burned at their pleasure ; ' men said openly that 

 Christ and His saints were asleep.' In 1139 

 Matilda arrived in England, and in 1141 took 

 Stephen prisoner at Lincoln. Matilda was now 

 acknowledged as queen, but her harshness and 



reed soon disgusted Englishmen. The men of 

 ondon rose, and she fled to Winchester before 

 them. On the 1st November 1141 Stephen ob- 

 tained his liberty in exchange for the Earl of 

 Gloucester, who had fallen into the hands of his 

 friends at Winchester, and the year 1142 saw him 

 again in the ascendant. Earl Robert died in 1147, 

 and the year after Matilda finally left England. 

 Her son Henry was given the duchy of Normandy 

 in 1149, and next year he became on his father 

 Geoffrey's death Count of Anjou also. He married 

 Eleanor the Duchess of Aquitaine in 1152, and 

 now crossed over to England to pursue his ambi- 

 tion further. The death of his son Eustace took 

 from Stephen all heart for prolonging the struggle, 

 and by the peace of Wallingford and Westminster 

 he agreed to acknowledge Henry as his successor, 

 his continental property being secured to his 

 remaining children, and all the ' adulterine ' or 

 unlicensed castles that had sprung up during the 

 civil war, to the number of 1115, to be destroyed. 

 Stephen died at Dover in October 1154. 



Stephen, KINO. See HUNGABY, Vol. VI. p. 

 5 ; POLAND, Vol. VIII. p. 271. 



Stephen, JAMES, born at Poole, in Dorsetshire, 

 of an Aberdonian stock, in 1758, was educated at 

 Winchester, and became successively a parliament- 

 ary reporter, an official in St Kitts, an advocate 

 in prize cases before the Privy-council, member 

 for Tralee, undersecretary for the colonies, and a 

 master of the Court of Chancery. He died at 

 Bath, 10th October 1832. He was an abolitionist, 

 and author of an able and exhaustive work on The 

 Slavery of the British West Indies ( 1824-30). 



HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1787-1864), his son, 

 was a serjeant-at-law, the author of a Summary of 

 the Criminal Law ( 1834), New Commentaries on the 

 Laws of England ( 1841 ), &c. The third son, SIR 

 JAMES STEPHEN (1789-1859), from Trinity Hall, 

 Cambridge, passed in 1813 to Lincoln's Inn, and 

 became counsel to the Colonial Office and Board of 

 Trade, then under-secretary of state for the colonies 

 from 1834 to 1847, when he was knighted. From 

 1849 he was regius professor of Modern History at 

 Cambridge. See the Memoir prefixed to the 4th edi- 

 tion of his Essays in Ecclesiastical History ( 1849 ), 

 another well-known work by him being Lectures 

 on the History of France (1851). The youngest 

 son, SIR GEORGE STEPHEN (1794-1879), was succes- 

 sively a solicitor and barrister, was knighted in 

 1837 for his services in the reform of the poor-laws, 

 imprisonment for debt, and the police force ; in 

 1855 emigrated to Victoria ; and like his father 

 wrote on the slavery question. 



SIR JAMES FITZJAMES STEPHEN, son of Sir 

 James Stephen, was born at Kensington, 3d March 

 1829, and educated at Eton, King's College, Lon- 

 don, and Trinity College, Cambridge. Taking 

 his B.A. (1852), and called to the bar at the Inner 

 Temple (1854), he travelled the Midland Circuit, 

 and became recorder of Newark-on-Trent (1859- 

 69), a Q.C. (1868), legal member of the Viceroy 



