718 



STEPHEN 



STEPHENS 



of India's Council (1869-72), professor of Common 

 Law at the Inns of Court (1875-79), a K.C.S [. 

 (1877), and judge of the High Court of Justice 

 (1879-91), on his retirement heing created a 

 baronet. The Indian Evidence Act was due to 

 him ; and among his works are a (Irnrral View of 

 the Criminal Law of England (1863); Liberty, 

 Equality, and Fraternity (1873); Digest of the 

 Law of Evidence, (1876); Digest of the Criminal 

 Law ( 1877 ) ; History of the Criminal Law of 

 England (1883) ; Story of Xuncomar ( 1885) ; and 

 Horce Sabbatica (Saturday Heriru- articles, 1892). 

 He unsuccessfully contested Harwich (1865) and 

 Dundee ( 1873) an a moderate Liberal. He died 

 12th March 1894. His younger brother, LESLIE 

 STKI-HEX, born at Kensington, 28th November 1832, 

 was educated at Eton, King's College, London, and 

 Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where, having graduated 

 in 1854, he was for a time a fellow and tutor. Then 

 relinquishing his orders and removing to London, 

 he became editor of the Cornhill (1871-82), and of 

 the first twenty-six volumes of the great Dictionary 

 of National Biography (1885-91, from 1890 conjointly 

 with Mr Sidney Lee, his successor). His works 

 include The Playground of Europe (1871 ; he wag 

 president for a while of the Alpine Club) ; the de- 

 lightful Hours in a Library (3 vols. 1874-79) ; History 

 of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (1876); 

 Johnson (1878), Pope (1880). and Swift (18S-J) in 

 the 'Men of Letters series; Science of Ethics (1882) ; 

 lives of Mr Fawcett (1885) and his brother (1895); 

 An Agnostic's Apology (1893); Social Rights and 

 linties (1H96) ; and he has written largely for the 

 magazines. He is LL.D. of Cambridge. 



Stephens, English for ESTIKXXK or KTIKXNK, 

 famous French printers and publishers. The first to 

 embark in this business was HENRY STEriiKNs 

 (<. 1460-1520), who settled in Paris about 1500. 

 His business was taken up in 1526 by his second son 

 ROBERT ( b. 1503 ), having in the interval been man- 

 aged by lib step-father. Robert specially distin- 

 guished himself by the excellence of his workman- 

 ship, and was in 1539 and 1540 appointed printer to 

 the king in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Early in life 

 he became a convert to the doctrines of the Reforma- 

 tion ; and on more than one occasion he got into 

 difficulties with the theological authorities of the 

 university of Paris for introducing editorial changes 

 in the text of the Bibles and Testaments he printed. 

 In 1550 indeed he found it prudent to retire to 

 Geneva. There he remained until IIJH death, on 7th 

 September 1559, and published several of Calvin's 

 works. Robert .Stephens was a scholar as well as 

 a printer ; he published and printed in l.~>32 a Latin 

 dictionary (Thesaurus Lingua: Latino;) which re- 

 mained a standard work down to the middle of the 

 18th century. Amongst his editions of the Holy 

 Scriptures the Latin New Testament of 1523, the 

 Latin Bible (folio) of 1528, and the Greek New 

 Testament (folio ; see BIBLE, Vol. II. p. 126) of 1550 

 deserve special mention. Being a lover of the New 

 Learning he also printed several of the classic 

 authors, numerous Latin grammars, and similar 

 books. Robert'* brut her ( 'MAKLKS ( 1504-64), who 

 graduated in medicine and practised in Paris, took 

 charge of his brother's business when In- withdrew to 

 Geneva, and wrote and printed himself an encyclo- 

 pn-dic work (Dirliiiniirium Historicutnac Poetii mn, 

 1553), a collection of ancient treatises on agricul- 

 ture (Prifdium Rusticum, 1554), and other liouUs. 

 Robert's eldest son HUSKY (liorn nt Paris in 1528) 

 worthily sustained the reputation of the family. 

 He received an excellent education, and became 

 celebrated for his knowledge of Greek. Both 

 before and after he settled down at Geneva (in 

 1551 ) he I ravelled in Italy, F.ngland, and the 

 Netherlands, collating MSS. mu-ily Greek), and 

 consorting with scholars. In 1556 he set up a press 



of his own in Geneva, and issued from it a great 

 iiiinilxT of tin- ancient Greek authors, including 

 some twenty ' first editions.' His greatest achieve 

 ment as a scholar was a Greek dictionary entitled 

 Thesaurus Gnrrce Lingua (5 vols. folio, 1572), on 

 whieh he spent nearly all his fortune. In his 

 editions of classic authors he indulged in many 

 textual emendations, most of them based on MS. 

 authority, but some purely conjectural. From 

 jiln.iii the year 1578 he led a very restless and 

 wandering life, and his business was greatly ne- 

 glected, till at length he died at Lyons earlv in 

 1598. He also wiote hi* mother-tongue with force 

 and elegance, his most remarkable production in it 

 being the semi -satirical Apologie pour Herodote 

 (1566). The traditions of the family were kept up 

 by PAUL (1566-1627), the son of Henry (IL) 

 Stephen*, who printed valuable editions of Eur- 

 ipides (1602) and Sophocles ( 1603) ; and by Paul's 

 son ANTOINE (1592-1674), who became king's 

 printer at Paris, and amongst other books printed 

 the Septuagint. 



See Greswell's View of the Early Parisian Greet Pros 

 (ISO) ; French works by Renonard (2d ed. 1843) and 

 Bernard (1856) ; and Mark Pattuon'i posthumous t'ttays 

 (1889). 



Stephens, ALEXANDER HAMILTON, an Ameri- 

 can statesman, was born in Georgia in 1812, ad- 

 mitted to the bar in 1834, and elected by the 

 Whigs in 1843 to congress, where he sat till 1859. 

 He advocated the annexation of Texas as early as 

 1838, and in 1854 defended the Kansas-Nebraska 

 act. He at first opposed secession, but in 1861 

 became vice-president of the Confederacy, and in 

 1865 was imprisoned for five months. He sat in 

 congress again from 1874 to 1882, was elected 

 governor of Georgia in 1882, and died 4th March 

 1883. His War between the States appeared in 

 1867-70. 



Stephens, GEORGE, archaeologist, was bom in 

 Liverpool, December 13, 1813, and was educated in 

 University College, London. He settled early at 

 Stockholm, and was apjxnnted in 1851 lector, 

 later professor, of English in the university of 

 Copenhagen. His works are numerous and learned, 

 the most important his magnificent Old Korthern 

 Runic Monuments of Scanttiiiarin ninl Eittilnmi (3 

 vols. 1866-68-84), and it* abridgment, containing, 

 however, all the engravings and translations ( 1884). 

 Other works are on the Ruthwell Cross (1868), on 

 Bngge's Studies in Northern Mythology ( 1883), and 

 his early translat ion into Knglishi if Teener's frith to/ 

 (Stockholm, 1841). He died 13th August 1895. 



Stephens, JAMES, Fenian, was bom at Kil- 

 kenny in 1824, son of an auctioneer's clerk with 

 more of Saxon than of Celtic blood. He had a 

 good education, took early to mathematics, and at 

 twentx obtained an appointment during the mak- 

 ing of the Limerick and Waterford liailway. He 

 next went to Dublin, and soon lieeanie one of the 

 most active agent* of the Young Ireland party. 

 He was slightly wounded at the miserable MUM 

 of Ballingarry (29th June 1848), skulked for three 

 months thereafter among the mountains hum 

 Tip|M-rarv to Kerry, and then sailed from Cork to 

 France USmJMd as a lady's servant. For some 

 years he lived mainly at Paris, where he obtained 

 an insight into the working of continental secret 

 societies, and in 1 853 journeyed over Ireland making 

 himself acquainted with it* condition and prepar- 

 ing t he soil for the Fenian conspiracy. As ite ' Head 

 Centre' he exercised an enormous and des|>otic 

 influence, and throughout showed remarkable dex- 

 terity in the disguises and characters he assumed 

 on his visits to all parts of Ireland. He visited 

 America early in 1864 to attempt to overthrow the 

 rival schemes formed there by patriots, and ww 



