724 



STEUBEN 



STEVENSON 



1806-13. See works by Berghaus (1876), Th. 

 Schmidt (1875), and W. ll. Meyer (1887). 



Stenben, FREDERIC WILLIAM Arr.rsTUs, 

 BAKOX, a general of the American revolutionary 

 army, was born at Magdeburg, November 15, 

 1730", and at fourteen served as a volunteer 

 under his father at the siege of Prague. By 

 1754 he had risen to the rank of adjutant-general, 

 and in 1762 he was attached to the staff of Frederick 

 the Great. While on a visit to Paris in 1777 

 he was induced by Count St Germain to go 

 to America. He arrived at Portsmouth, New 

 Hampshire, in February 1778, and offered his 

 services to congress and to General Washing- 

 ton, by whom they were joyfully accepted; and 

 he joined the army, then in the most deplorable 

 condition, at Valley Forge. He was appointed 

 inspector-general, prepared a manual of tactics _for 

 the army, remodelled its organisation, and im- 

 proved its discipline. He sat on the court-martial 

 on Major Andre. In 1780 he received a command 

 in Virginia, and he took part, as major-general, in 

 the siege of Yorktown. As generous in character 

 as he was capable as an officer, he spent his whole 

 fortune in clothing his men, and gave his last dollar 

 to his soldiers. Congress made tardy reparation, 

 and in 1790 voted him an annuity of 2400 dollars, 

 and a township of land near Utica, New York. 

 There he died in his log-cottage, November 28, 

 1794. See Sparks's American Biography, and a 

 Life by Friedrieh Kapp ( New York, 1860). 



Stenbenville, capital of Jefferson county, 

 Ohio, on the Ohio River, 68 miles below Pittsburgh 

 (by railway 4.'f), with blast-furnaces, rolling mills. 

 machine and railway shops, and manufactories of 

 white-lead, paper, glass, woollens, flour, beer, &c. 

 There are bituminous coal-mines near by, and 

 natural gas is plentiful. Fort Steuben was built 

 here in 1787. Pop. ( 1890) 13,394. 



Stevenage, a town of Hertfordshire, 4 miles 

 SE. of Hitchin by rail, with an old parish church 

 and a grammar-school (1558). Straw-plait is 

 manufactured. Pop. (1851)2118; (1891)3309. 



Stevens, ALFRED, decorative artist and sculp- 

 tor, was Imrn at Hlandford in Dorset, the son of 

 a country painter, in January (baptUed on 28th) 

 1818. When he was helping his fat her his talent 

 attracted the attention of certain gentlemen, who 

 in 1833 sent him to Italy. There he remained 

 nearly nine years studying painting, though part 

 of the time he assisted Tlmrwaldsen, the sculptor, 

 in his studio. Three years after his return home 

 Stevens was appointed ( ISI."i| teacher of architec- 

 tural drawing in the School of Design. Somerset 

 House, London ; but he held the |>sition only 

 three years. During the next ten years or so from 

 that (late he was busily engaged in designing and 

 decorating, in which he displayed the higlie-t 

 genius and taste. He designed in all sorts of 

 materials and for many dilferent purposes in 

 silver, bronze, iron, marble, and for furniture, 

 churches, porcelain, mantelpieces. From 1856 he 

 lalioui-ed at the great achievement of his life, and 

 one of the finest pieces of modelling in England in 

 the 19th century, the monument of Wellington for 

 8t Paul's Cathedral ; but owing to the greatness 

 of his conception and plan, the inadequacy of 

 means, and other difficulties, it wax not completed 

 at his death, which took place at Havei-.toek Hill, 

 London, on 1st May I*7.V It "'as not till !S!f2 that 

 step* were taken to remove this magnificent monu- 

 ment from the side chapel, where it was half-hidden, 

 to the place for which it was originally intended. 

 See SCULITI'RK. p. 267 : and H. Stannus, Alfred 

 Steven* and hi Work ( 1891 ). 



Mr veil*. TllADDF.ra, an American statesman, 

 was bom in Vermont in 1792, graduated at Dart- 



mouth in 1814, was admitted to the Maryland bar, 

 and in 1816 settled aa a lawyer in Pennsylvania, 

 where he sat in the legislature for some years. 

 He was a Whig member of congress from 1849 

 to 1853, and a leader of the Republicans in the 

 House from 1859 till his death, 11th August 1868. 

 He was foremost in all measures for emancipating 

 the negroes, and was chairman of the committee 

 on reconstruction whose bill divided the southern 

 states for a time into five military districts. In 

 February 1868 he proposed the impeachment of 

 President Johnson, was one of the committee which 

 drew up the articles, and chairman of the board 

 of managers appointed to conduct the trial. 



Stevenson, ROBERT, a Scottish engineer, was 

 born at Glasgow, 8th June 1772. His lather died 

 during his infancy; ami his mother having (1786) 

 married Thomas Smith, the first engineer of tin- 

 Lighthouse Board, young Stevenson was led to 

 devote himself to the study of engineering, in 

 which his progress was so rapid that in 1791 he 

 was entrusted by Smith with the erection of a 

 lighthouse on Little Cumbrae. In 1796 he suc- 

 ceeded his step-father as engineer and inspector of 

 lighthouses; and during his forty seven years' 

 tenure of that office he planned and constructed 

 no fewer than twenty-three lighthouses round the 

 Scottish coasts, employing the catoptric system of 

 illumination, and his valuable invention of ' inter- 

 mittent ' and ' Hashing ' lights. The most remark- 

 able of these erections was that on the Bell Rock 

 (q.v.). In 1814 Stevenson was accompanied in his 

 tour of inspection by Sir Walter Scott. Stevenson 

 was also in great request as a consulting engineer 

 in the matter of roads, bridges, harbours, canals, 

 and railways, introduced many improvements in 

 their construction, and occasionally co-operated 

 with Rennie, Tel ford, and others. He died in 

 Edinburgh, July 12, 1850. Stevenson left four 

 volumes of professional printed rejwrts, a large 

 work on the Bell Rock Lighthouse, some articles 

 in the &HCVelopadia Jirilniinii-n and in the Edin- 

 burgh EncvolopatUa. Seethe Life(Edin. 1878) 

 by his son, David Stevenson, C.E. (1815-6). 



Stevenson, ROBERT Louis BALFOUR, as novel- 

 ist, essayist, and miscellaneous writer master of 

 a perfect l-'.nglish style, was l>rn at Kdinhurgh, 

 Nov. 13,1850. His father and grandfathei ( Robert 

 Stevenson, q.v.) were famous lighthouse engineers, 

 and he was at first intended for the family pro- 

 fession. But he soon gave up the idea and 

 turned to law, and, after the qualifying course 

 of study at Edinburgh I'niversity, was duly called 

 to the' Scottish bar. Soon, however, he found 

 his true calling in the craft of letters, and 

 quickly forced his way into the front rank of con- 

 temporary writers by the sheer excellence of his 

 style. Some experiences which supplied impulse 

 and material were leisurely jouincvs through 

 north-eastern France by canoe and on foot, a M>\ 

 age across the Atlantic in the steerage of an 

 emigrant ship, and the after-journey acios- the con- 

 tinent in an emigrant train, and, lastly, a lengthened 

 residence in Samoa, where he settled for health's 

 sake in 1889. From his childhood he hod written 

 without ceasing, and drunk deep at the richest 

 wells of English iindeliled. and from I he first hi-i 

 articles in the Curiihill and elsewhere showed a 

 distinct individuality and a style perfect if not 

 plus quam perfect. His earliest l>ooks were An 

 Inland Voyage (1878): Kili,,l>nr,,li : rirliirr^n,: 

 Note* ( 1878) ;' Travel* with a Donkey in the Cenenne* 

 (1879); Virginiliiis J'ui-rixifur, unit ullirr I'n/ieri 

 (1881); and Familiar Studies of Mm uml Itoott 

 (1882). The last two contain his lies! essays, 

 the latter volume those on Charles of Orleans, 

 Pepys, Burns, Villon, &c. In his Ktw Ara/,n,n 



