726 



STEWART 



5 



(1293-1326), occupies a conspicuous place among 

 Brace's companions in-arnis. He did good service 

 at Bannockburn, and four years lat<>r successfully 

 defended Berwick against Edward II. in I.ITMHI. 

 His marriage in 1315 with Marjory, Ilrnce's 

 daughter, eventually brought the crown of Scot- 

 land to hig family' It cam with ane lass,' in 

 James V.'s well-known words. His son by Mar- 

 jory, Robert, seventh Steward (1316-90), on the 

 death of David II. in 1371 ascended the throne as 

 Robert II. He was twice married ; first, in 1349, 

 to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Adam Mure of Row- 

 allan, and secondly, in 1355, to Eupliemia, Counters 

 of Moray, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Ross. Eliza- 

 beth Mure was related to him within the prohibited 

 degrees, so in 1347 he had obtained a papal dis- 

 pensation (only discovered in the Vatican in 1789) 

 for the marriage, legitimising those children who 

 had already been born. Hence, in later times, the 

 descendants of this first marriage came to be 

 branded with the suspicion of illegitimacy, while 

 those of the second union would boast their prefer- 

 able claim to the throne. His third son, Robert 

 (c. 1349-1420), was in 1398 created Duke of 

 Albany ; the fourth, Alexander, who in 1374 got 

 the earldom of Buchan on the forfeiture of the 

 Comyns, is infamous in history as the ' Wolf of 

 Badenoch.' 



Between 1371 and 1714 (343 years) fourteen 

 Stewarts sat upon the Scottish, and six of these 

 also on the English, throne. A race unlmppv as 

 few, they were Robert II. (1316^90); Robert III. 

 (c. 1340-1406), who died of grief, his elder son 

 murdered, his second an English captive ; James I. 

 (1394-1437), for eighteen years a prisoner, after- 

 wards murdered; James II. (1430-60), killed at 

 the siege of Roxburgh; James III. (1451-88), 

 murdered, with his son in rebellion against him ; 

 James IV. (1473-1513), slain at Flodden his 

 much-loved mistress, Margaret Drumimmd, was 

 poisoned; James V. (1512-42), who died broken- 

 hearted by the rout of Solway Moss ; Mary ( 1542- 

 87), beheaded at Fotheringliay, thrice a widow, 

 and for twenty years a captive; James VI. and I. 

 (1566-1625); Charles I. (1600-49), beheaded; 

 Charles II. (1630-85), for fourteen years an exile; 

 James VII. and II. (1633-1701), for twelve years 

 of his youth an exile, and again for the last 

 twelve of his old ajje ; and Mary (1662-94) and 

 Anne (1665-1714), his daughters, who supplanted 

 him, and liotli died childless. Thus five of the 

 fourteen met with a violent death ; two died of 

 grief ; and eight succeeded as minors. All the 

 above receive separate articles ; but here may l>e 

 noticed the son and the grandsons of James VII. 

 and II. 



By his second queen, Mary of Modena, James 

 hod one son, JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD, l>orn at St 

 James's Palace on 10th June 1688. Forty- two 

 privy-councillors, ladies of rank, &c. {more than 

 naif of them Protestants) were present in the l>ed- 

 chamber ; but the warming-pan fiction fastened on 

 him the nickname of Pretender. Six months later 

 he was conveyed by his fugitive mother to St (lor- 

 niiiins where his ' .ivliood was passed, and where, 

 on his father's death in 1701, he was proclaimed 

 his successor. In an attempt, in March 1707, to 

 make a descent upon Scotland, the young < cheva- 

 lier de St George,' as he was styled by his adher- 

 ents, showed some gallantry, lint was not snllered 

 to land ; and after his return he served with the 

 French in the Low Countries, at Malplaquet 

 charging twelve limes, and in the last charge 

 receiving a sword-thrust in the arm. But in Mar's 

 ill-conducted rebellion (see JACOBITES) he showed 

 himself heavy, spiritless, even tearful, when, too 

 late in the day, he landed at Peterhead (22d 

 Decemlwr 1715'), and sneaked away six weeks 



afterwards from Montrose. France was now closed 

 to him by the treaty of I'trwht, and almost all 

 the rest of his faineant, dissolute, prayerful life 

 was passed at Home, when- he died on 1st January 

 1766. In 1719 he had married the beautiful and 

 high-spirited Princess Clementina Sobieski (1702- 

 65). She bore him two sons, but iti 1725 was so 

 disgusted by his preference for the titular Countess 

 of Inverness as to retire for a while to a nunnery. 

 He is buried in St Peter's. 



His elder son, CHARLES EDWARD Loris PHILIP 

 c VMM IK, known variously as the 'Young I 

 tender,' the ' Young Chevalier,' and ' Bonny Prince 

 ( 'harlie,' was born at Rome on 31st December 1720. 

 His education was irregular, but from childhood he 

 raised the hopes of the Jacobites by the promise of 

 a bright and chivalrous nature. He first Haw ser- 

 vice at the siege of Gaeta (1734) ; fought bravely 

 at Dettingen (1743); and next year repaired to 

 France, to head Marshal Saxe's projected invasion 

 of England. But the squadron which was to ha\c 

 convoyed the transports with 15,000 troops to Kent 

 fled before the British fleet; the transports them 

 selves were scattered by a tempest : ami for a year 

 and a half Charles was kept hanging on in 1'Vance, 

 until at last, Railing from Nantes, he landed with 

 seven followers at Eriska in the Hebrides on 2d 

 August 1745, and on the lilth raised his father's 

 standard in Glenfinnan. The clansmen flocked in ; 

 on 17th Septeml>er Edinburgh surrendered, though 

 the castle still held out ; and Charles held court at 

 Holyrood, the palace of his ancestors. There 

 followed the victory over Sir John Cope at Preston- 

 pans (q.v.), the march upon London with 6500 men, 

 the fatal turning at Derby (6th December), the 

 victory over Hawley at Falkirk ( 17th January 1746 ), 

 the crushing defeat by the Duke of Cumlterland at 

 Culloden (16th April), and Charles's five months' 

 hidings and wanderings, with 30,000 set on his 

 head, in the Hebrides and the western mainland, till 

 on 20th September he got hipping from Moidart to 

 Brittany. The peace of Aix -la-('hapelle (1748) 

 caused his forcible expulsion from France, and 

 thereafter he lived successively at Avignon, Liege, 

 Basel, Florence, and Rome. He seems to have 

 aid two or three secret visits to London between 

 750 and 1760; in 1766 succeeded to his father's 

 empty titles ; in 1772 married the ill-fated Countess 

 of Albany (q.v.); and for forty years a miserable 

 drunkard, died at Rome, 31st January 1788. By 

 his Scottish mistress, Clementina \\alkcnshaw, 

 he left a natural daughter, Caroline (1753-89), 

 whom he had created 1 inches-, of Albany. He wow 

 buried at Frascati, but translaU-d to St I'eter's. 



See also OOPS (SiR JOHN), Cri.i.oi>KN. and MAC- 

 DONAI.I) (FLOKA); Ewsld's Life of Prince Charlet 

 Edward (1875) ; and A. Lang's Pickle the Spy ( 187 ). 



His brother, HI:M:V BENEDICT MARIA CLEMENT, 

 Duke of York, Cardinal, and Bishop of Frascati, 

 was torn at Rome, 5th March 1725. After the 

 failure of the '45, when he had hastened to Dun- 

 kirk to support Prince Charles Edward, he resoh ed 

 to take orders, and in 1747 received a cardinal's 

 hat from BcnedictXIV. Clement Xll I. consecrated 

 him Bishop of Corinth in partibiu, and subse 

 quently appointed him to the suburban see of 

 Frascati, where he took up his residence. He 

 enjoyed, through the favour of the French court, 

 the revenues of two rich abbeys, as well as a 

 Spanish pension ; and the liberal charity with 

 which he dispensed his income endeared him to his 

 flock. On his brother's death in 1788 he caused a 

 medal to be struck, bearing the Latin legend, 

 ' Henry IX., king of England, by the grace of (iod, 

 but not by the will of men.' The French Revolu- 

 tion stripped him of his fortune, but in 1796 he 

 sold his family jewels to relieve the nere^ilii ' of 

 Pius VI. In 1798 the French plundered his villa, 



pai 

 17 



