STEWART 



727 



and he had to flee for his life to Venice. He 

 returned in 1801 on the restoration of the papal 

 authority, George III. having meanwhile in 1800 

 granted him a pension of 4000. This last, perhaps 

 best, of the Stuarts died at the age of eighty-two 

 on 13th July 1807. The crown-jewels, carried off 

 from England by James II. 119 years before, were 

 bequeathed by him to George IV., then Prince ol 

 Wales, who in 1819 caused Canova to erect a monu- 

 ment in St Peter's that bears the names of ' James 

 III., Charles III., and Henry IX.' 



Next to the exiled Stuarts in representation of 

 the royal house as heir-of-line came the descendants 

 of Henrietta (q.v.), Charles l.'a youngest daughter, 

 who in 1661 was married to Philip, Duke of Orleans. 

 From this marriage sprang Anne-Mary ( 1669-1728), 

 who married Victor Amaueus, Duke of Savoy (q.v.) 

 and king of Sardinia; their son, Charles Emmanuel 

 III. (1701-73), king of Sardinia; his son, Victor 

 Amadeus III. ( 1726-96), king of Sardinia ; his son, 

 Victor Emmanuel I. ( 1759-1824), king of Sardinia ; 

 his daughter, Mary (1792-1840), who married 

 Francis, Duke of Modena ; their son, Ferdinand 

 (1821-49), who married Elizabeth of Austria ; and 

 their danghter, Maria Teresa (born 1849), who in 

 1868 married Prince Louis of Bavaria, and whom, 

 as 'Mary III. and IV.,' the ' Legitimist Jacobites ' 

 of 1891 put forward as the ' representative of the 

 Royal House of these realms." Rupert, her son, 

 was born at Munich on 18th May 1869, and is ninth 

 in descent from Charles I. 



The branch of the family which the Act of Settle- 

 ment (1701) called to the throne on the death of 

 Queen Anne were the descendants of the Electress 

 Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of James VI. 

 and I. by her mother, the Princess Elizabeth (q.v.), 

 Electress Palatine and Queen of Bohemia. By 

 that act not only were the above-mentioned 

 descendants of Charles I.'s daughter, Henrietta of 

 Orleans, excluded, but also the Roman Catholic 

 descendants of the Princess Elizal>eth's sons. Her 

 Majesty Queen Victoria is twenty-second in descent 

 from Walter Fitzalan, sixteenth from Robert II., 

 and eighth from James VI. and I. 



Before proceeding to glance at the cadets of the 

 House of Stewart we may notice here ARABELLA 

 STUART, who, horn in 1575, was the daughter of 

 the Earl of Lenox, Darnley's younger brother, so a 

 great-great-granddaughter of Henry VII., a third 

 cousin to Queen Elizabeth, and a first cousin to 

 James VI. and I. She lost her father at two, her 

 mother at six, and was brought up by her mater- 

 nal grandmother, the imperious Bess of Hardwick. 

 At the age of twenty-seven, shortly before Eliza- 

 beth's death, she was suspected of having a lover 

 in the boy William Seymour, who had Tudor blood 

 in his veins ; but on James's accession she was 

 restored to favour, only, however, to contract a 

 secret marriage in 1610 with him. Both were 

 imprisoned, and both escaped Seymour success- 

 fully to Ostend, she unsuccessfully in man's attire, 

 for she was retaken in the Straits of Dover. She 

 died, insane, in the Tower of London, 25th Sep- 

 tember 1615. 



See the Life of her by Elizabeth Cooper (2 vols. 1866) 

 and that by Mary K Bradley ( 2 vols. 1889). 



The cadets of the house may be divided into 

 four classes: (1) descendants of Robert II.; (2) 

 descendants of natural sons of his descendants ; (3) 

 descendants of natural sons of Stewart kings ; and 

 (4) legitimate branches of the Stewarts before 

 their accession to the throne. To the first belong 

 the Stuarts of Castle-Stewart, descended from 

 Robert, Duke of Albany, Robert II. "s third son, 

 through the Lords Avondale and Oehiltree. They 

 received the titles of Lord Stuart of Castle-Stewart 

 in the peerage of Ireland (1619), Viscount Castle- 



Stewart (1793), and Earl (1809). To the second 

 class belong the Stuart Earls of Traquair (1633- 

 1861 ), descended from a natural son of James 

 Stewart, Earl of Buchan. To the third class 

 belong the Regent Moray (q.v.), the Marquis of 

 Bute, and the Shaw-Stewarts ; and to the fourth 

 belong the Earls of Galloway (from a brother of 

 the fifth High Steward ), the Lords Blantyre, the 

 Stewarts of Fort-Stewart, and the Stewarts of 

 Grandtully (from the fourth High Steward; the 

 last baronet died in 1890). 



See, besides works cited at JACOBITES, under the 

 different Stewart sovereigns, and in Marshall's Genea- 

 logist i Guide (2d ed. 1885), Stewart genealogies, &c. by 

 Symson (1712), Hay of Drumboote (1722), Duncan 

 Stewart (1739), Noble (1795), Andrew Stewart of Castle- 

 milk (1798), A. G. Stuart (for Castle-Stewart branch, 

 1854), Sir W. Fraser (for Grandtully branch, 1868), W. 

 A. Lindsay (1888); William Townend, History of the 

 Descendants of the Stuarts (1858); the Marchesa Cam- 

 pana de Cavelli, Les Derniers Stuarts d Saint-Germain en 

 La ye (2 vols. 1871) ; Percy M. Thornton, The Stuart 

 Dynasty ( 1890 ) ; Gibb and Skelton, The Kojml House of 

 Stuart ( 1890 ), with fine illustrations of relics shown at 

 the Stuart exhibition of 1888-89 ; and Hewison, Bute in 

 the Olden Time (2 vols. 1896). 



Stewart, ALEXANDER TURNEY, millionaire, 

 was born of Scottish stock at Lisburn, near Belfast, 

 in 1803, emigrated to New York in 1823, and two 

 years later opened his first dry-goods store in 

 Broadway, with a rent of $250 ; his retail store 

 built in 1862 cost nearly 12,750,000. His charities 

 were numerous and bountiful ; yet at his death, 

 10th April 1876, he left some $40,000,000, which 

 there were no blood relatives to share. See RESUR- 

 RECTIONISTS, and GARDEN CITY. 



Stewart, BALFOUR, LL.D., F.R.S., physicist, 

 was born at Edinburgh, November 1, 1828. He 

 studied at both St Andrews and Edinburgh univer- 

 sities, but in 1846 entered on a commercial career. 

 Seven .years later he forsook business, returned 

 from Australia to Edinburgh, and became assist- 

 ant to Professor Forbes. In 1859 he was appointed 

 director of the Kew Observatory, and in 1870 pro- 

 fessor of Physics at Owens College, Manchester. 

 He died, December 19, 1887, near Drogheda, Ire- 

 land. He made his first reputation by his work on 

 Radiant Heat (1858), by which he established the 

 equality of the emissive and absorptive powers of 

 bodies. He is rightly regarded as one of the 

 founders of the method of spectrum-analysis, of 

 which the complete theory was given by Kirchhoff 

 a little later (see HEAT and SPECTRUM). In 

 connection with his work on radiant heat the 

 experiments (in conjunction with Professor Tait) 

 on the heating of a rotating disc in vacuo (1865- 

 78) should be mentioned, as should also his 

 remarks on the effect of relative motion on radia- 

 tion. His other labours were chiefly meteoro- 

 logical, his name being specially associated with 

 such subjects as the relation between sun-spots and 

 temperature and magnetic changes, terrestrial 

 magnetism, and the daily ranges of the meteoro- 

 logical elements. Particularly valuable are his 

 nunierous papers on terrestrial magnetism. As a 

 writer of text-books on physics he earned a high 

 reputation, the Treatise on Heat (1866; 5th ed. 

 1888 ), the Elements of Physics ( 1870; 4th ed. 1891 ), 

 and the Conservation of Energy (1873; 7th ed. 

 1887) being all excellent works, especially the 

 first. Very concise in statement and suggestive 

 in treatment is his contribution on terrestrial mag- 

 netism to the Encyclopedia Britannica (article 

 _' Meteorology ' ). With Professor Tait he published 

 in 1875 The Unseen Universe, or Physical Specula- 

 tions on a Future State, a book which had a pheno- 

 menal reception and passed rapidly through several 

 editions (17th ed. 1890). 



