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STEWART 



STKW1NG 



Stewart, SIR CHARLES. See CASTI.KKEAC.II. 

 Stewart, DUOALD, philosopher, wan Iwrn in 

 Edinburgh on the 'JiM November 1753, and was 

 the son of Matthew Stewart (q.v.). He entered 

 the High School in his eighth year, and re- 

 mained till his thirteenth. His subsequent course 

 at the iiniver-itv extn<led from 1765 to 1769. 

 In tin- departments of study where his own career 

 afterwards lay he was fortunate to find pio 

 fessors of iiliilit v mid distinction, the moral philo- 

 sophy chair lieing occupied hy Adam Ferguson. 

 While Stewart gave liU highest promise in these 

 subjects he also made great attainments in mathe- 

 matics and natural philosophy, and likewise in 

 classics. In 1771 he went to study at Glasgow, 

 partly with a view to one of the Snell scholarships 

 at Balliol College, Oxford, and partly to attend 

 the lectures of Dr Keid. It was while there that 

 he wrote an essay on Dreaming, which was his first 

 effort in mental philosophy, and contained the 

 germs of many of his subsequent speculations. 

 He lived in the same house with Archibald Alison, 

 the author of the Essay on Taste, and the two 

 became intimate friends through life. He was at 

 Glasgow only one session. In 1772, in his nine- 

 teenth year, he was called upon by his father, 

 whose health was failing, to teach the mathemati 

 cal classes in the university of Edinburgh ; in 1775 

 he was elected joint-professor, and acted in that 

 capacity till 1785. In 1778 Adam Ferguson was 

 :ili-ent from his post on a political mission to 

 America, and Stewart taught the moral philosophy 

 class in addition to his mathematical classes. The 

 lectures that he gave on this occasion were wholly 

 his own, and were delivered from notes, as was his 

 practice in after years. On the resignation of Fer- 

 guson in 17s:, he was appointed professor of moral 

 philosophy, ami continued in the active duties of 

 the class for twenty-five years. His lectures were 

 greatly admired and numerously attended. He 

 went over a wide compass of subjects : psychology, 

 or the science of mind proper, metaphysics, logic, 

 ethics, natural theology, the principles of taste, 

 politics, and last of all, political economy, which, 

 from the year 1800, he treated in a separate course. 

 In 1792 appeared his first volume of the Elements 

 of the Philosophy of the Human Mini/, and in 1793 

 he published his Outlines of Moral Philosophy. 

 He read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 

 17!I3 his Account of the Life ami Writing* of Adam 

 Smith ; in 1796 the Account of the Life and Writ- 

 ings of Principal Robertson; and in 1802 the 

 Amount of the Life and Writings of Dr Reid. In 

 180.5 he took a prominent part in the ' Leslie contro- 

 versy,' and wrote a pamphlet maintaining Sir John 

 Leslie's claims to the chair of mathematics and 

 defending him from theological aspersions. In 

 1806, on the accession of the Wldg party to power, 



I he received a sinecure office worth i';K) a year. 



i The death of his second son in 1809 gave a Mow 

 to his health, otherwise indifferent, and he was 

 unable to lecture during part of the following 

 session; Dr Thomas Brown, .-it his request, acting 

 as his substitute. The following year lirown was 

 appointed conjoint professor, ami taught the class 

 till his death in I sit). From 1809 Stewart lived at 

 Kinncil House, near Bo'ness, which the Duke 

 of Hamilton had placed at his service. In 1810 lie 

 published his Philosophical Essays ; in 1814 the 

 second volume of the Elniimtv ; in islfi the first 

 part, and in IS:!1 the second part, of the Disserta- 



tion on the History <if Ethical Philosophy; in 

 the third volume of the Elements ; and in 1828, a 

 few week* Iwfnre his death, the /V/iV<w/'/'.'/ of the 

 A '-live and Moral Powers. On the death of 

 Brown Stewart exerted himself to secure the 

 ap|H)iiitiiient of Sir William Hamilton to the chair, 

 but the influence used with the town-council in 



behalf of John Wilson ('Christopher North ') was 

 o\ei (lowering. Stewart resigned his conjunct pro- 



i'- ship on the 20th June 1820; he died llth 



June 1H28. 



The philosophy of Stewart was the following up 

 of the reaction commenced by Keid against the 

 sceptical results that Berkeley ami Hume drew 

 from the principles of Locke (see SCOTTISH 

 SCHOOL). Hence arose the principles of common 

 sense of Reid, in which Stewart for the most pan 

 acquiesced. Stewart also followed and improved 

 upon Keid in the systematic exposition of all the 

 powers of the mind which rendered mental philo- 

 sophy for the first time a subject of study, inde- 

 pendent of metaphysical, logical, and ethical appli- 

 cations ; although he also followed it out in all 

 these directions with his usual perspicacity and 

 felicity of exposition. His contributions to the 

 philosophy of taste, in the Philosophical Essaiix, 

 are among the best parts of his writings. Although 

 Stewart was not one of the most original thinkers- 

 ill his department, yet, by the force of his teaching 

 and the compass of his writings, he did much to- 

 diffuse an interest in the speculations connected 

 with the human mind. Amongst notable men who 

 studied under Stewart were Lords Jeffrey and 

 Cockburn, Sir Walter Scott, Lord Brougham, 

 Francis Homer, Sir James Mackintosh, JutM 

 Mill, Lord Palmerston, and Earl Russell. 



His works (11 vols. 1K54-58) were edited by Sir W. 

 Hamilton, whose work was completed and the biography 

 added by Professor Veitch. 



Stewart, MATTHEW, was born in 1717 at 

 Rothesay in Bute. He studied first at the unitei- 

 sity of Glasgow, where he was a favourite pupil of 

 Robert Simson, and in 1742-43, when he was a 

 student of divinity in the university of Kdinburgh, 

 attended Maclaurin's lectures on tin xions. For a 

 short pei ioil he was minister of Roseneath, ami in 

 1747 was elected Maclaurin's successor. He had in 

 the previous year published his (inn nil Theorems 

 of considerable use in the higher parts of Mathc- 

 matics. In 1761 he published Tracts Physical ami 

 Mathematical, and in 1763 his PnpotiitOlUt Geo- 

 metricie more veterum demonstrator. In 1772 he 

 ceased to lecture in the university, and lie died oa 

 23d January 1785. The lifelong friendship which 

 existed between him and Simson was unusually 

 cordial, and it is highly probable that the bent of 

 Stewart's mind towards the ancient geometry and 

 his comparative indifference to the modern analysis 

 were due to the example of his master. A bio- 

 graphical account of Stewart by Professor John 

 Playfair will lie found in the first vol. of the Trans- 

 actions of the Roy. Soe. of Edinburgh ( 1 788). 



Stewarton, a town of Ayrshire, on Annick 

 Water, 5J miles N. by \V. of Kilmarnock. Its 

 specialty is the Scotch lionnet manufactures ; but 

 it also carries on carpet-weaving, spindle making, 

 \c. Pop. (1851 ) 3164 ; ( 1891 ) 2687. 



Stewartry. the name which was given in Scot- 

 land to a district governed by a steward, an otliecr 

 appointed by the king with jurisdiction over crown-* 

 lands, and powers similar to those of a lord of 

 regality. \\ hilc the civil jurisdiction of a steward 

 was c.|uivalent to that of a sheriff, his criminal 

 jurisdiction was much more extensive. The. only 

 remaining trace of this jurisdiction exists in the 

 term Stewartry, which in place of county is applied 

 to the district of Kirkcudbright (q.v.; ana see 

 GALLOWAY). 



St e wiim. in Cookery, a very economical way of 

 preparing meat and fruits for food. It differs from 

 boiling in this respect, that only a small quantity of 

 water is used, ana the heat a], plied is so gentle as 

 only to simmer it. The more slowly the ebullition 

 is carried on the better. As the small quantity 



