STEYER 



STIGMATISATION 



729 



Sticklebacks and Nests. 



of water is retained as gravy, nothing is lost. 

 Meat prepared in this way is tender and savoury, 

 but, owing partly to the richness of the gravy, is 

 not very digestible. See COOKERY, DIGESTION. 



Steyer, a town of Upper Austria, at the con- 

 fluence of the Steyer and Enns, 36 miles by rail S. 

 by E. of Linz, is the chief seat of the iron and steel 

 manufactures of Austria, turning out firearms, 

 cutlery, files, nails, chains, &c., and also manu- 

 facturing paper, leather, beer. Pop. (1890) 21,499. 



Steyning, a town of Sussex, 1 mile W. of the 

 river Adur and 4J miles N. of Shoreham. Till 

 1832 it returned two members. Pop. 1670. 



Sticking-plaster. See PLASTERS. 



Stickleback (Gasterosteus), a genus of Acan- 



thopterous fishes having the dorsal fin replaced by 



strong spines which vary in number in the different 



species. The sticklebacks are small, and the male 



is brightly coloured, 

 the brightness in- 

 creasing at sexual 

 maturity. They are 

 widely distributed 

 throughout northern 

 and temperate 

 regions. One of the 

 European species, 

 the Fifteen-spined 

 Stickleback ( G. spin- 

 achia ), is marine ; the 

 other two the Ten- 

 spined Stickleback 

 (G.pungitius) and the 

 Three-spined Stickle- 

 back ( G. aculeatus ) 

 occur in fresh or 

 brackish water, the 

 latter being so abund- 

 ant in some parts of England that it is used for 

 manure. 



Much interest attaches to the sticklebacks 

 on account of the high degree of parental care 

 exhibited by the male. At the spawning season 

 he constructs a nest of grass and stems of plants 

 firmly cemented together by mucous threads 

 secreted from the kidneys. The nest is barrel- 

 shaped, and lias two apertures, thus admitting 

 not only of easy ingress and egress, but also of 

 the constant current of water necessary to the 

 development of the ova. The work of building 

 ended, the eager male, now resplendent in his 

 wedding-robes, sets forth in search of a mate, 

 whom he coaxes to his nest. After she has quitted 

 it, he enters, fertilises the eggs, and immediately 

 resumes his quest, bringing home another and 

 another mate until the nest is filled with eggs. 

 These eggs he guards with jealous vigilance, free- 

 ing them from parasites, and attacking every 

 enemy that comes within reach, even though it be 

 a fish many times larger than himself. With the 

 hatching of the ova his labours become for a time 

 more arduous than ever, for the tiny, active stickle- 

 backs must all be kept safe within the shelter of 

 the nest until they are big enough and strong 

 enough to fend for themselves. 



Slider. ADOLF, editor of the well-known Atlas 

 (75 plates; Gotha, 1817-23; new ed. 90 plates, 

 1888 et seq.), was born at Gotha on 26th Febru- 

 ary 1775, and died at the same place on 13th March 

 1836, having spent his life in the public service of 

 the grand-duchy. A School Atlas and a Map of 

 Germany (in 25 sheets) by him were also very 

 popular. 



Stier, RUDOLF EWALD, German theologian, 

 was born at Fraustadt, March 17, 1800, studied at 

 Jena, Halle, and Berlin, and had already laboured 



as pastor at Frankleben near Merseburg and 

 Wichlinghausen in the Wupperthal when he was 

 appointed in 1850 superintendent at Schkeuditz, 

 and in 1859 at Eisleben, where he died, December 

 16, 1862. Stier was a man of fervent and some- 

 what mystical piety, and as an exegete he shows 

 absolute faith in the inspiration and infallibility of 

 his text ; but he has no other dogmatisms, and his 

 books are full of observations always ingenious and 

 edifying, if sometimes prolix and far-fetched. 



Among his works the most popular have been The 

 Words of the Lord Jesus ( Eng. trans. 8 vols. 1855-58 ), 

 Words of a Risen Saviour (trans. 1859), Words of the 

 Angels (1862), and Words of the Apostles ( trans. 1869). 

 See the Life by his sons (Wittenberg, 1868). 



Stiff Neck. See NECK. 



Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, enjoyed 

 great favour with Edward the Confessor, who 

 made him his chaplain, then (1044) Bishop of 

 Elinham or of the East Angles. Eight years later 

 the bishop mediated successfully in the interests of 

 peace between the king and Earl Godwin, and 

 was rewarded with the archbishopric of Canter- 

 bury, which had been abandoned by Archbishop 

 Robert. But his appointment was generally looked 

 upon as uncanomcal, and was still so regarded 

 even after Stigand received the pallium from Pope 

 Benedict X., Benedict's own election being held 

 to be illegal. On the death of Harold, Stigand 

 gave His vote for Edgar Atheling to be king, and 

 for this reason, and because he was a firm friend 

 of the House of Godwin, William the Conqueror 

 distrusted him, and induced the pope to send 

 a commission of cardinals, who deprived him 

 of his dignities and sentenced him to perpetual 

 imprisonment. But Stigand died shortly after- 

 wards at Winchester ; it is said he was starved to 

 death, though whether voluntarily or under com- 

 pulsion is uncertain. 



Stigma. See FLOWER. 



Sliiiiiiaria, the root of Sigillaria (q.v.) and 

 other trees. 



Stiglliatisation (Lat. stigmatizatio, 'a punc- 

 turing,' from Gr. stigma, 'a puncture'), the name 

 applied by Roman Catholic writers to the supposed 

 miraculous impression on certain individuals of the 

 ' stigmata,' or marks of the wounds which our Lord 

 suffered during the course of His Passion. St Paul 

 says of himself, ' I bear in my body the marks of 

 the Lord Jesus' (Gal. vi. 15), but his bold meta- 

 phor is most likely taken from the notion of 

 soldiers branding on their bodies their general's 

 name. In the early days many Christians branded 

 the name of Christ on their foreheads, and various 

 voluntary mutilations for Christ's sake were prac- 

 tised by enthusiasts. The stigmata comprise 

 not only the wounds of the hands and feet, and 

 that of the side, received in the crucifixion, but 

 also those impressed by the crown of thorns and 

 by the scourging. The impression of the stigmata 

 is by those who believe in its reality regarded as a 

 mark of the signal favour of our Lord, manifested 

 to believers specially devoted to the contemplation 

 of His Passion. The most remarkable example of 

 stigmatisation is that said to have occurred in 1224 

 to Francis of Assisi, on the mountain of Alverno. 

 Being absorbed in rapturous contemplation of 

 the Passion of Christ, he saw a seraph with 

 six shining wings, blazing with fire, and having 

 between his wings the figure of a man crucified, 

 descend from heaven and approach him, so as to be 

 almost in contact. After a time the vision dis- 

 appeared, leaving the soul of Francis filled with 

 reverence and awe. And now he became aware 

 that in hands, feet, and side he had received ex- 

 ternally the marks of crucifixion. These mys- 

 terious marks continued during the two years 



