730 



8TILBITE 



STILLINGFLEET 



until his death, and are claimed to have been seen 

 liv many eye-witnesses, including Pope Alexander 



The Dominicans openly disputed the fact, but 

 at length made the same claim for Catharine of 

 Sienna, whose stigmata were explained as at her 

 own request made invisible to others. The Fran- 

 ri-caiis appealed to Sixtus IV., and that pope, 

 himself ^a Franciscan, forbade representations of St 

 Cut ImriiH' to IK; made with the stigmata. Still the 

 fact is recorded in the breviary ollii'i', and Kcnedict 

 XIII. granted the Dominicans a -pi-rial feast in 

 commemoration of it. Many others, especially 

 women, are claimed to have received all or some 

 of the stigmata. The last to be canonised (1831) 

 for this reason was Veronica Giuliani, who is said 

 to have received in 1694 first the marks of the 

 crown of thorns, and afterwards those of the cruci- 

 fixion. Mure rerent cases are those of Anna 

 Katherina Emmerich (1774-1824), who became a 

 nun at Agnetenlwrg ; ' L'Ecstatica ' Maria von 

 Mori of Caldaro (1839); Louise Latean (1850-83, 

 in 1868), whose stigmata were stated to bleed every 

 Friday ; and Mrs ( ;irling ( I H-J7-S6, about Christinas 

 1864)," of the New Forest Shaker community. Dr 

 ImlxTt GourlM'vre, in his work I<et Stigmatwees 

 ( 1873 ), enumerates 145 persons, of whom but 20 were 

 men, as having received the stigmata, and of these 

 80 lived before the 17th eentury. Apart altogether 

 from the question of the value of the evidence 

 i ill'M nl. we may reasonably conclude that some 

 kind of stigmatisation is a pathological condition 

 of occasional occurrence, but from this to the 

 assertion that it is a special sign of divine favour 

 is a wide and an unwarrantable leap. 



sulhitr. See ZEOLITE. 



Stilicho. a famous Roman general, the main- 

 stay of the western empire after the death of 

 Tlieodosius the Great, is said to have been a 

 Vandal, and was l>orn altout 339. Through his 

 rum-age ami ability he rose rapidly in rank, was 

 sent as ambassador to Persia in 3S4, and soon after 

 hi- return rewarded with the hand of Serena, niece 

 of Tlieodosiiis. His rise caused a jealousy that soon 

 grew to rankling hatred in the heart of Rufinus, 

 the ambitious minister of Theodosius. In 394 

 Stilirho departed for 1 tome in charge of the youthful 

 llnuoiiu-. who had been committed to his care, 

 placed him on the throne of the western empire, 

 ami administered in his name the affairs of state. 

 On the death of Theoilosius ( end of 394) Rulinus, 

 the guardian of Arcadius, instigated Alaric to 

 inviule Greece while Stilicho was engaged in chas- 

 tising the invaders of the Unman territories on the 

 Rhine anil in Gaul. Returning, he at once set 

 out for Con-tanlinople ami ili-stroyed Rufinus, then 

 marched against Alaric, blocked him up in the 

 Peloponnesus, but through over-confidence per- 

 mitted him tu escape across the isthmus with his 

 captives and booty. In 398 his daughter Maria 

 ln'i-.-imc the wife of Honorius. His old opponent, 

 Alaric, after several inroads upon the eastern pro- 

 vinres of the western empire, now invaded North- 

 ern Italy, bat was signally defeated at Pollentia 

 (403) ami Verona by Stilieho, who hail hurriedly 

 railed in the tinman legions from Uhietia, Gaul, 

 ( ii-rmanv, and even Britain. Stilicho's ambition 

 now led him to attempt the introduction of his 

 own family to the imperial succession a state- 

 ment disbelieved by Gibbon, who considers it 

 merely as an invention of the craftv Olytnpins 

 Ivy the marriage of his son with the heir -presump- 

 tive Placidia, the daughter of Theodosius, and to 

 attain this end he made overtures of alliance to 

 Alaric. which were gladly accepted. But the 

 dreadful inroad of Radagaisus (406) at the head of 

 more than 200,000 (some say 400,000) barbarians, 



who ravaged the whole country as far as Florence, 

 compelled the great general of tin- \\Ysi tu shelve 

 for a time his ambit ions schemes. With a small 

 Init chosen army of veterans, aided by a IKK!\ of 

 Huns under I 'Id'in (father of Attila), and of Vi-i 

 ^i ill is under Sarus, he so harassed the invaders 

 that they were forced to give him battle. They 

 were soon completely routed; Radagaisus was put 

 to death, anil his followers sold as slaves. Stiliclio 

 now returned to his own ambitious schemes, estah 

 lished enmity lietween Home and Byzantium by 

 sci/ing on eastern Illyricum and induring Alaric 

 to transfer his allegiance to Honorius. lint 

 Honorius, who had lieen prejudiced again-t 

 Stilicho by one of his officers, Olympius, refused 

 to take eastern Illyricum from the liy/antine 

 empire; and subsequently by an artful harangue 

 he so influenced the soldiers of the army of Caul 

 that they rose en mane against the partisans of 

 Stilicho. Stilicho himself was at Bologna ; and 

 on the news of the revolt, his most zealous friends 

 urged immediate action against Olynipius and the 

 Pavian rebels ; but for the lin-i time in his life 

 vacillation seized the soldier. He was soon forced 

 to .flee to Ravenna, where he was murdered, 2.3d 

 August 408. Thus perished the last of the serie- 

 of distinguished aliens, who, as cmpeiurs. warriors. 

 or politicians, hail prop|>ed up the Roman empire 

 for 150 years, with a stern and resolute zeal equal 

 to that of the early Romans themselves. Three 

 months after his death Alaric and his Visigoths 

 were at the gates of Rome. 



Still is an apparatus for Distillation (q.v.). 

 It consists essentially of a vessel in which the 

 liquid to be distilled is placed, the vapour being 

 conducted by means of a head or neck to the 

 condenser or worm, where it is cooled by water 

 or other means, and again forms liquid. The still 

 itself varies greatly according to the purpose for 

 which it is used. It is made of ropjier, iron, 

 earthenware, or glass, and is heated by naked 

 flame or steam-heat. The steam may either be 

 applied on the outside by means of a jacket or 

 inside by the use of a coil. A vacuum still is one 

 in which a partial vacuum is constantly maintained 

 by means of an air pump, distillation under such 

 circumstances lieing more rapid and at a lower 

 temperature. See also RETORT. 



Stillborn. See OBSTETRICS, ABORTION, and 

 Ffflrus. 



Stillii-idiiiin. See EAVESDRIP, SERVITUDE. 



Stilliiiitflrrt. EDWARD, a learned English 

 divine, was born at Cranborne in Dorsetshire 

 on 17th April 1635. There and at Ringwood he 

 received his early education, at thirteen entered 

 St John's College, Cambridge, where he took his 

 degree in 1652, and the year after obtained a 

 fellowship. For some years after leaving college 

 he was occupied as a private family tutor ; and 

 in 1657 he was presented to the rectory of Suttoii 

 in Bedfordshire. In 1650 appeared his li;-ni,-iini, 

 or the Divine Right of Parlimlur t'nrinx nf t'lmrrk 

 Government examined, a noble catholic spirited 

 attempt to find a mean as a basis of union for 

 the divided church. His views savoured somewhat 

 more of latitudinarianism than could In; pleasant 

 to the High Church party, and indeed Stilling/fleet 

 himself afterwards thought fit to modify them. 

 Hi- Oriaines Hiirrtr, nr the Truth ana Divine 

 Authority of the Scriptures (1662), a creditable 

 contribution to the Apologetics of the day, was 

 followed by his Kational Account of the Cfroundt 

 of the Protestant Religion ( 1664), a defence of the 

 'lunch of England from the charge of schism in 

 it- separation from that of Rome. These works 

 were received with great favour, and quickly led to 

 rich preferment. In 1665 the Earl of Southampton 



