STOCK-FISH 



STOCKPORT 



737 



Stock-fish, a commercial name of salted and 

 dried cod and other fish of the same family, par- 

 ticularly the Ling, Hake, and Torsk. 



Stockholm, the capital of the kingdom of 

 Sweden, stands on several islands and the adjacent 

 mainland, between a bay of the Baltic and Lake 

 Malar, in a situation that is accounted one of the 

 most picturesque in Europe. The nucleus of 

 Stockholm is an island in mid-channel called ' the 

 Town;' on it stand the imposing roval palace 

 (1697-1754); the principal church (St Nicholas), 

 in which the kings are crowned ; the House of the 

 Nobles (1648-70), in which that class hold their 

 periodical meetings ; the town-house ; the ministries 

 of the kingdom ; and the principal wharf, a mag- 

 nificent granite quay, fronting east. Immediately 

 west of the central island lies the Knights' Island 

 (Riddarholm); it is almost entirely occupied with 

 public buildings, as the Houses of Parliament ; the 

 old Franciscan church, in which all the later 

 sovereigns of Sweden have been buried ; the royal 

 archives ; and the chief law-courts of the kingdom. 

 To the north of these two islands lie the hand- 

 somely built districts of Norrmalm, separated from 

 them by a narrow channel, in whicli is an islet 

 covered with the royal stables. The principal 

 buildings and institutions in Nornnalm are the 

 National Museum (1850-65), with extremely 

 valuable collections of prehistoric antiquities, 

 coins, paintings, sculptures ; the principal theatres ; 

 the Academy of the Fine Arts (1735); the 

 barracks ; the Hop Garden, with the Royal 

 Library (1870-76), 250,000 vpls. and 8000 MS., and 

 with the statue (1885) of Linnaeus; the Academy 

 of Sciences ( 1739), with natural history collections ; 

 the Museum of Northern Antiquities (1873) ; the 

 Ol>servatory ; and technological, medical, slojd, 

 and other schools. Ship Island ( Skeppsholm), 

 immediately east of ' the Town ' island, is the 

 headquarters of the Swedish navy, and is built 

 over with marine workshops, shipbuilding-yards, 

 &c., and is connected with a smaller island on the 

 south-east, that is crowned with a citadel. Beyond 

 these again, and farther to the east, lies the 

 beautiful island of the Zoological Gardens ( Djur- 

 g&rd). Immediately south of 'the Town' island 

 is the extensive district of Sddermalm, the houses 

 of which climb up the steep slopes that rise from the 

 water's edge. Handsome bridges connect the 

 central islands with the northern and southern 

 districts ; besides busses and tramways, the prin- 

 cipal means of communication are quirk little 

 steamboats, some of which extend their journeys 

 to the beautiful islands in Lake Malar on the 

 west, and eastward towards the Baltic Sea (40 

 miles distant). Besides the institutions already 

 mentioned Stockholm is the home of the Swedish 

 Academy ( 1786), Academies of Agriculture ( 1811 ), 

 Music ( 1771 ), and the Military Sciences ( 1771 ), 

 a naval school, a school of navigation, of phar- 

 macy, &c. There is considerable industry in the 

 making of sugar, tobacco, silks and ribbons, candles, 

 linen, cotton, and leather, and there are large iron- 

 foundries and machine-shops. The water approaches 

 to the city are in general rendered inaccessible by 

 ire during three or four months every winter ; but 

 to remedy this defect it is proposed to build a new 

 harbour at Nynas on the Baltic shore, 30 miles to 

 the south. In spite of the winter drawback Stock- 

 holm is the seat of a trade sufficient to bring an 

 average of 1760 vessels of 635,000 tons into the 

 port every year, carrying principally grain ( wheat 

 and rye), rice, flour, herrings, oils and oilcake, 

 cork-wood, groceries, metals, and wine and spirits 

 ( import* ). The commodities exported consist 

 chiefly of iron and steel, oats, and tar. Although 

 Stockholm was founded by Birger Jarl in 1255, it 

 was not made the capital of Sweden until com- 

 463 



paratively modern times. Since then, however, it 

 has grown rapidly: pop. (1800) 75,500; (1850) 

 93,000 ; ( 1870) 136,000 ; ( 1890) 246,151. The prin- 

 cipal events in the history of the city have been the 

 sieges by Queen Margaret of Denmark ( 1389 ), the 

 battles in the vicinity against the Danes towards 

 the end of the 15th century, the capture of the 

 place by Christian II. of Denmark in 1520, and the 

 Blood Bath he executed amongst the principal men 

 of the country in what was then the Great Market. 



Stockings. See HOSIERY. 



Stockmar, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH, BARON, 

 diplomatist, was born of Swedish descent at 

 Coburg, 22d August 1787, studied medicine, and 

 after some service with the army was appointed 

 physician to Prince Leopold of Coburg, ere long to 

 become his secretary and most influential adviser 

 on all questions personal and political. As such he 

 came to England with Leopold when he became the 

 husband of the Princess Charlotte ; and he gave 

 Leopold valuable support in the negotiations that 

 issued in making him king of Belgium. He had 

 been ennobled in 1821, and was made a baron in 

 1831. Leaving Leopold's service in 1834, he became 

 the mentor of Prince Albert of Coburg, and was the 

 trusted friend of the young queen of England and 

 her husband, living sometimes in England and 

 sometimes in Coburg. As representative of Coburg 

 in 1848 at the Diet, he supported Prussia's claim 

 to the headship of the German nation. He died at 

 Coburg, 9th July 1863. 



See his Denkvrurdigkeiten, edited by his son (Eng. 

 trans. Notatrilia, 2 vola. 1872 ) ; Juste, Le Baron Stock- 

 mar ( Brussels, 1873 ) ; Sir Theodore Martin's Life of the 

 Prince Consort; the Greville Memoirs; and for a less 

 favourable view, the Memoirs of King Leopold's mor- 

 ganatic wife, Caroline von Bauer (Eng. trans. 1884). 



Stockport, a parliamentary, municipal, and 

 county borough of East Cheshire, 6 miles SSE. of 

 Manchester and 37 E. of Liverpool. It is built on 

 the slopes of a narrow gorge, where the Tame and 

 the Goyt unite to form the Mersey, which is spanned 

 bv the viaduct (1840) of the London and North- 

 Western Railway, 111 feet high and 625 yards 

 long, as well as by several bridges. St Mary's 

 Church was rebuilt in 1817, with the exception of 

 its 14th-century chancel ; and Stockport has also a 

 market-hall (1851-61 ), mechanics' institute (1862), 

 free library (1875), fine technical school (1890), 

 huge Union Sunday school (1806), grammar-school 

 (1487; rebuilt 1832), infirmary (1832), the Vernon 

 Park (1858), containing a museum, and, in St 

 Peter's Square, a statue (1886) of Richard Cobden, 

 who represented the borough from 1841 to 1847. 

 Stockport was the site of a Roman station, and 

 afterwards of a Norman castle, held till 1327 by 

 the Earls of Chester, and taken by Prince Rupert 

 in 1644, soon after whicli it was demolished by the 

 parliament. In 1745 Prince Charles Edward passed 

 through Stockport, which Bishop Pococke six 

 years later describes as having ' a little manu- 

 facture of the Manchester linen, some woollen 

 and ribands, and two silk-mills like those of 

 Derby.' Since then it has grown to be a most 

 important seat of the cotton industry, in spite of 

 the machinery disturbances (1810-20), the strike 

 of 1828-29, when the military were called out, and 

 many persons wounded, the 'Plug Riots' (1840), 

 and the cotton-famine (1861-64). Felt hats are 

 also manufactured, and there are iron and brass 

 foundries, engine and machine shops, breweries, 

 &c. Stockport was constituted a parliamentary 

 borough (returning two members) in 1832, a muni- 

 cipal borough in 1835, and a county borough in 

 1888. Pop. (1851) 53,835; (1881) 59,553; (1891) 

 70,263. 



See works by Butterworth (1827-28), Earwaker (East 

 Chethire, 1877), and Heginbotham (1877-78). 



