738 



STOCKS 



STOICISM 



Storks, an apparatus of wood much used in 

 former times in England for the punishment of 

 petty offenders. The culprit was placed on a liench, 

 with liia ankles fastened in holes under a movable 

 board, and ullowed to remain there for an hour or 

 two. The period of their first introduction is 

 uncertain, lint in the second Statute of Labourer-, 

 25 Edw. III., 13.TO. provision is made for applying 

 the stocks to unruly artificers ; and in 1376 the 

 Common- prayed EoSvard III. that stocks should 

 be established in every village. Each parish hitd 

 in later times it- stocks, often close to the church- 



Cl ; and, though the last in London (St Clement 

 es, Strand) were removed in 1826, many may 

 still be seen in the country. Indeed the punish- 

 ment was used so late as 1858 at Colchester, 1863 

 at Tavistock, and 1865 at Rugby. Combined with 

 the stocks was often a whipping-post for the flagel- 

 lation of vagrants. 

 Stocks. See NATIONAL DEBT, and STOCK- 



EXCHANi.l'.. 



Stockton, capital of San Joaquin county, 

 California, on a navigable creek connected with the 

 San Joaquin River, 103 miles by railway E. by N. 

 of San Francisco. It contains a convent and the 

 state lunatic asylum, and manufactures ironware, 

 paper, woollens,' Hour, soap, carriages, farm imple- 

 ments, &c. Pop. ( 1860) 3679 ; ( 1890) 14,424. 



Stockton, FRANCIS RICHARD, an American 

 author, was born at Philadelphia, 5th April 1834, 

 was engraver and journalist, and became assistant- 

 editor of St Nicholas. He first attracted notice by 

 his fantastic stories for children, which fill several 

 volumes ; but he is best known as author of Mudder 

 Grange ( 1879 ). Later works are The Late Mrs A "//, 

 The (Justing Aitxiy of Mrs Leeks and Mrs Aleshine, 

 and The Itusantes, The Hundredth Man, TheSchooner 

 Merry Chanter ( 1890), The Squirrel Inn ( 1891 ), Po- 

 mona's Travels ( 1894 ), A Story- Teller's Pack ( 1897 ), 

 The liuccanneers and Pirates of Our Coasts ( 1898 ), 

 The Associate Hermits ( 1898). 



Stockloil-OII-TcCH, a borough and seaport of 

 Durham, on the north side of the Tees, 4 miles from 

 its mouth and 11 KNE. of Darlington, 4 WSW. of 

 Middlesborough, and 236 NNW. of London. A 

 new town, South Stockton, incorporated in 1892 

 as Thornaby -oil-Tees (pop. in 1891 15,637), lias 

 sprung up in Yorkshire south of the river, the 

 two being connected by an iron bridge of three 

 arches (1887), which superseded a five-arch stone 

 bridge of 1771, and cost over 80,000. The town 

 has six chj.-chee, a Roman Catholic chapel (1842- 

 70) by the elder Pugin, a town-hall, borough-hall 

 (1852), an exchange, a theatre, large recreation 

 grounds, and an extensive park presented by 

 Major Ropner. The Stockton Races, of some mark 

 in the sporting world, are held here annually in 

 August. Shipbuilding, chiefly in iron and steel, 

 is carried on to a great extent ; and blut-fanMM, 

 foundries, engine-works, and extensive potteries 

 unil ironworks are in operation. Sailcloth, ropes. 

 linen, and diapers were at one time the staple 

 industry of the town ; but their manufacture has 

 liccn discontinued ; and there are breweries, corn- 

 mills, and spinning-mill*. The exports are chiefly 

 iron and earthenware ; the imports corn, timber in 

 deals, spars, &c., and bark. The Stockton and 

 Darlington Railway, the lirst to commence pas- 

 senger Iraflic, was opened for the double purpose of 

 tin- conveyance of passengers and goods, September 

 27, 1823. " At Stockton the Tees is navigable for 

 vessels of large tonnage; the navigation of the 

 river has been much improved, and great facilities 

 for an extensive trade provided. Pop. ( 1831 ) 7763 ; 

 (1H61) 16.483; (1881), 56,457; (1891) 68,895, of 

 whom 49,731 were within the municipal boundary. 

 Stockton suffered severely from the incursions of 



tin- Scots in the early part of the I4ili i-enmry, but 

 even at that time it enjoyed considerable trade. IU 

 moated castle was taken for the Parliament in 

 1644, and 'slighted ami di-m:intle<l ' in lei.vj, almost 

 the last \t-tige being removed in 1865. At the 

 Restoration it had only 120 houses, mostly built of 

 clay. Since 1867 it sends one member to parlia- 

 ment. l!it-on was a native, 



See works by J. Brewstcr (1829), H. Heaviside(1865), 

 and T. Richmond (1868). 



Stoddard, RICHARD HENRY, American poet, 

 was liorn at Ilingham, Massachusetts, in .Inly 

 1825, attended schools in New York, and then 

 worked in an iron-foundry for some years, mean- 

 while reading widely, especially in poetry. In 

 1849 he produced a small volume of poems, only t.> 

 suppress it afterwards; but 1H52 saw the birth of 

 a sturdier collection. From 1853 to 1870 he served 

 in the New York custom house, in 1.S70-73 wa< 

 clerk to General McClellmi, ami for a year city 



librarian. His poems include NO//./.V in Siiiimnr 

 (1857), The Kings Bell ( ISti-J), The /W- ,,f 1 1,,- AW 

 (1867), mid Lian'l Cub (1891); his essays, Under 

 the Evening Lamp (1892). 



Stoicism, a school of ancient philosophy, 

 strongly opposed to Epicureanism in its views of 

 human life and duty. The Stoical system dates 

 from the end of life 4th century B.C. ; though 

 commonly said to have been derived from the sys- 

 tem of the Cynics, it is noteworthy that few of its 

 founders or early apostles were born in Greece ; it 

 is the joint produce of Hellas anil the Orient, and 

 it was in Rome rather than in Greece that it most 

 profoundly influenced civilisation. 



The founder of the system was Zeno, from 

 Cittium in Cyprus ( 340-260 B.C.), who derived his 

 first impulse from Crates the Cynic. He ojiened 

 his school in a colonnade called the Stoii 1'oikilf 

 ('Painted Porch') at Athens, which was adorned 

 with pictures of the Trojan war, Marathon, and the 

 Amazons by Polygnotus ; hence the name of the 

 sect. Zeno had for his disciple C'leantlies, from 

 Assos in the Troad (300-220), whose Jli/mii 1<> 

 Jii/iiter is the only fragment of any length that 

 has come down to us from the early Stoics a 

 poem setting forth the unity of God, his 

 omnipotence, and his moral government. Chry- 

 sii.pus, from Soli in Cilicia (280-207), followed 

 Cleanthex, and in his voluminous writings Imtli 

 defended and modified the Stoical creed. Antiquity 

 gave by far the most important position to Clny 

 sippus : 'Without Chrysippus there hail been no 

 Porch ;' recent German criticism ha.- done much to 

 discover how much of the system is due to each. 

 And Pearson sums up his elaborate investigation 

 as follows: 'The result of our investigation has 

 been to show conclusively that all those doctrines 

 which are most characteristic of the true es-cnce of 

 Stoicism were contributed by Zeno and Cleaiithe-. 

 To Zeno belong the establishment of the logical 

 criterion, the adaptation of Heraclitean ph\ 

 and the introduction of all the leading ethical 

 tenets. Cleanthes revolutionised the study of. 

 physics by the theory of tension and the develop- 

 ment of pantheism, and by applying his material- 

 istic views to logic and etnics brought into strong 

 light the mutual interdependence of the three 

 branches. The task of Chryxippus was to pre- 

 serve rather than to originate, to reconcile incon- 

 sistencies. to remove superfluous outgrowths, and 

 to maintain an unbroken line of defence against 

 his adversaries.' These three represent the 

 ]>eriod of the system. The second |K-riod (200-50) 

 embraces its general promulgation, and its intro- 

 duction to the Romans. Chrysippus wa* succeeded 

 by Zeno of Sidon, and Diogenes of Babylon ; then 

 followed Antipaterof Tarsus, who taught Paim'tiu* 



