STOKE-UPON-TRENT 



STOMACH 



741 



Stoke-npon-Trent, a manufacturing town of 

 Staffordshire, the capital of the ' Potteries,' on the 

 Trent and the Trent and Mersey Canal, 15 miles 

 SE. of Crewe, 2 E. of Newcastle-under-Lyme, and 

 16 N. of Stafford. It is a modern place, dating 

 only from the last quarter of the 18th century, and 

 has a parish church with Wedgwood's grave, a 

 town-hall (1835), a market-hall (1883), a free 

 library (1878), the Minton memorial building 

 ( 1858), the Hartshill Infirmary ( 1868), public baths, 

 and statues of Wedgwood, Minton, and Colin 

 Minton Campbell. Its factories of porcelain, 

 earthenware, encaustic tiles, and tesselated pave- 

 ments are among the largest in the world ; and the 

 industries also include coal-mining, brickmaking, 

 and the manufacture of iron, engines, machinery, 

 &c. Mrs Craik was a native. The parliamentary 

 borongh, constituted in 1832, was much curtailed 

 in 1885 and lost one of its two members ; the 

 municipal borough was incorporated in 1874. Pop. 

 (1871) 15,144; (1881) 19,261; (1891) 24,027; of 

 parliamentary borongh ( 1891 ) 75,352. See John 

 Ward's Borough of Stoke-upon-Trent ( 1843). 



Stolberg, CHRISTIAN, COUNT OF, a poetic 

 writer, was born at Hamburg, October 15, 1748. 

 Whilst a student at Gottingen he identified himself 

 with the Gottingen poetic school ( Dichterbund ), a 

 literary circle embracing also Burger and Voss. 

 After twenty three years' public service in the 

 duchy of Holstein he retired, and died at his seat 

 of \\ indebye, near Eckernfb'rde in Sleswick, on 

 January 18, 1821. As a poet he was inferior in 

 genius to his brother Friedrich Leopold, in whose 

 books his own work was generally included. His 

 principal productions are Gedichte (1779), Gedichte 

 aus tlem Griechischen (1782), Schauspiele mil 

 Choren (1787), Vaterliindische Gedichte (1810), and 

 a metrical translation of Sophocles ( 1787). 



Stolberg. FRIEDRICH LEOPOLD, COUNT OF, 



Sjnnger brother of the preceding, was born at 

 rainstedt in Holstein on November 7, 1750. Like 

 his brother he was one of the Dichterbund frater- 

 nity at Gottingen. Most of his active life was 

 spent in the public service of Denmark. Although 

 possessed of some degree of poetic fancy, he was 

 on the whole a somewhat colourless writer in the 

 style of Klopstock. Shortly after the outbreak of 

 the French Revolution he went over to the Roman 

 Catholic Church, and from that time a very pro- 

 nounced religious and ascetic temper made itself 

 prominent in his writings, of which the principal 

 wa Geschichte der Religion Jesu Christi ( 15 vols. 

 1807-18). He died on his estate of Sondermiihlen, 

 near Osnabriick, 5th December 1819. Besides the 

 volumes of Gedichte, Schauspiele, Vaterliindische 

 Gedichte, issued along with his brother's works, F. 

 L. Stoll>erg published translations from denying, 

 Plato, and tne Iliad, an idyllic romance Die Insel 

 (1788), and other books. See works by Menge 

 (1863), Hennes (1876), and Janssen (3d ed. 1882). 



Stole ( Gr. stole, Lat. itola, ' a robe ' ), a narrow 

 vestment, of the same stuff as the chasuble, worn 

 by bishops and priests in the Latin Church during 

 iiia-i, in the administration of sacraments, and in 

 certain blessings, and by deacons when they have 

 to move the blessed sacrament. In some places it 

 is worn while preaching. Bishops wear it over 

 both shoulders : so also do priests, but crossed 

 over the breast ; deacons wear it over the left 

 shoulder. It is also used in some cases as a symbol 

 of jurisdiction, in which sense it is constantly worn 

 by the pope, even when not officiating. In the 

 Anglican Church the stole is worn with the same 

 difference by priests ( but not crossed ) and deacons. 

 It is usually of black silk, fringed at the ends, with 

 sometimes crosses embroidered ; but coloured stoles, 

 according to the season, are also worn in some 



churches. In the Greek Church the otole proper is 

 peculiar to deacons ; among Syrian Christians it is 

 worn by clerics of all (even minor) orders. The 

 stole originated in the orarium or handkerchief, 

 which was sometimes worn as a scarf, and which in 

 the 6th and 7th centuries came to be recognised as 

 a sacred vestment in the Western Church. The 

 name stole began to be substituted by the 9th, and 

 was the common word before the 12th century. See 

 illustrations at CHASUBLE and COPE. Stole-fees 

 are the same as surplice-fees (see SURPLICE). The 

 broad scarf is worn by chaplains to any member of 

 the royal family, or to any peer or peeress, doctors 

 in divinity, and capitular members of a collegiate 

 church. 



Stolen Goods are thus treated by English 

 law : a bonA-fide purchaser of such goods, who has 

 not bought them in market overt, is bound to 

 restore them to the true owner ; but if the goods 

 are sold in market overt, the purchaser is entitled 

 to keep them unless the owner has duly prosecuted 

 and convicted the thief. Market overt means the 

 open market in towns and places where a legal 

 market is held. In the City of London every shop 

 is held to be a market overt, but this only applies 

 to the City proper (see SALE). The above rale as 

 to stolen goods does not apply to valuable securi- 

 ties which are stolen, if the security has been paid 

 or discharged bond fide by the person liable, or if 

 the security is a negotiable instrument, and it has 

 passed to a 'holder in due course' (Bills of Ex- 

 change Act, 1882, sect. 29). It is a punishable 

 offence to offer or take rewards for the recovery of 

 stolen property. See also THEFT. The Scots law 

 does not recognise the doctrine of market overt. 



Stolp. a town in the Prussian province of 

 Pomerania, stands on the river Stolp, 85 miles W. 

 by N. of Danzig, and has a castle, some old 

 churches (the castle chapel dating from the 13th 

 century), iron-foundries, machinery, and amber 

 manufactures, and an active trade in agricultural 

 products, timber, fish, &c. Pop. 23,837. 



Stomach. The Anatomy and Physiology of 

 this organ are treated of in the article DIGESTION 

 (q.v.). See also ABDOMEN, ARTIODACTYLA, BIRD, 

 FISHES, &c. ; and INDIGESTION, VOMITING. 



DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. Acute gastritis, 

 or inflammation of the mucous membrane of the 

 stomach, is a very rare disease, except as a result 

 of the administration of an irritant poison ; during 

 six years' experience at La Charite (one of the 

 leading Parisian hospitals) Dr Louis made notes 

 of 6000 cases of disease, but did not meet with a 

 single case of fatal idiopathic or spontaneous gas- 

 tritis. The symptoms which indicate that an 

 irritant poison has been received into the stomach 

 are a gradually increasing sensation of uneasiness 

 or heat, which shortly assumes an acute burning 

 character in the epigastric region. This pain is 

 accompanied with vomiting, which becomes in- 

 creasingly frequent as the pain augments, and 

 often with hiccup. There is usually extreme ten- 

 derness on pressure, and the patient bends his 

 body forward to relax the muscular tension. 

 During the accession of these symptoms there is 

 a marked degree of excitement, as indicated by 

 the acceleration of the pulse and breathing and 

 the heat of the skin. This condition is, however, 

 soon exchanged for one of prostration. The skin 

 becomes cold and clammy, the pulse thready and 

 feeble, and the breathing catching and inter- 

 mittent ; until finally, after a variable period 

 of exhaustion, the patient sinks, usually retaining 

 his mental faculties to the last. Although the 

 above-described symptoms are always more or less 

 present, each irritant poison occasions some special 

 symptom and some characteristic lesion ; and the 



