STOMATA 



STONE 



74S 



but also by debility and emaciation, and at last 

 by prostration, which ends in anasarca, delirium, 

 and death.' But any or all the distinctive symp- 

 toms may be absent. 'There are indeed some 

 cases in which the most acute observer cannot do 

 more than suspect the presence of the disease.' In 

 the treatment of this formidable disease more good 

 te done by careful attention to the diet than by any 

 medicine. Good milk or strong beef-tea thickened 

 with biscuit-powder may be given in the same 

 manner as recommended in ulcer ; and milk mixed 

 with a little old Jamaica rum will sometimes stay 

 on the stomach when everything else is vomited. 

 If there be pain, opiates must be administered, 

 either in the ordinary way, as enemata, or hypo- 

 dermically, the latter having the advantage of 

 having less tendency to induce constipation. 



Hcematemesit, or Vomiting of Blood, is a serious 

 and important symptom of disease affecting the 

 stomach. It may occur by the ulcerative destruc- 

 tion of the walls of a comparatively large blood- 

 vessel in gastric ulcer and in cancer ; but it gener- 

 ally is of the kind termed capillary, and happens 

 under various circumstances, of which the follow- 

 ing are the principal. It may take the place of some 

 habitual haemorrhage, or, in other words, be vicari- 

 ous. Thus, it may possibly take the place of the 

 menstrual discharge. It is often caused by disease 

 or injury of the stomach ; for example, it frequently 

 occnrs after the ingestion of strongly irritant poisons, 

 or even an immoderate dose of alcohol into the 

 stomach. It may be a consequence of disease in 

 adjacent viscera, occasioning an overloading of the 

 veins of the stomach e.g. enlargement of the 

 spleen, obstruction of the portal circulation de- 

 pending on disease of the liver, enlargement of the 

 uterus in the advanced periods of pregnancy. It 

 may result from changes in the composition of the 

 blood, such as occur in scurvy, purpura, and yellow 

 fever. The treatment must be directed against the 

 disease on which the haemorrhage depends rather 

 than against the mere symptom ; but from what- 

 ever cause it arises, if it is proceeding to a danger- 

 ous extent the patient should be kept perfectly 

 quiet in bed, and should swallow small pieces of 

 ice. Hot applications may also be applied to the 

 extremities with the view of directing the blood t 

 those parts. The medicines most likely to be of 

 service are acetate of lead, gallic acid, dilute sul- 

 phuric acid, and oil of turpentine ; but they should 

 only be given on medical authority. 



SI oina t ;i. minute openings in the epidermis of 

 leaves and tender green steins of plants, and sub- 

 serve the purpose of respiration (see VEGETABLE 

 PHYSIOLOGY). They are found in parts exposed to 

 gun and light, and hence are most numerous on the 

 upper surface in most leaves, on the under side of 

 floating leaves, but in some monocotyledons equally 

 distributed. See illustration at LEAF ; and for the 

 complex stomata of Marchantin, see LIVERWORTS. ' 



Stone, a market-town of Staffordshire, on the 

 'left bank of the Trent, 7 miles NNW. of Stafford 

 and 7 S. of .Stoke-upon-Trent. It has a town- 

 hall (1869), a market-hall (1868), Alleyne's gram- 

 mar-school (1558), remains of an Augustinian 

 monastery, two modern convents, and manufac- 

 tures of earthenware, boots and shoes, beer, leather, 

 &C. Pop. ( 1851 ) 3443 ; ( 1891 ) 5754. 



Stone* a weight formerly in use throughout the 

 northern countries of Europe, but varying in differ- 

 ent countries, and now mostly obsolete. The 

 British imperial stone, the only legal one, is 14 Ib. ; 

 but in various parts of the country stones of other 

 values are or have been in use, as a stone of 24 

 Ib. for wool, 8 Ib. for butcher-meat, 22 Ib. for hay, 

 7 Ib. for oatmeal in Scotland, 16 Ib. for cheese, 32 

 Ib. for hemp, and 5 Ib. for glass. 



Stone. See CALCULUS, and LITHOTOMY. 



Stone. Under the head BUILDING STONE (see 

 also ROADS) the more important kinds of stone 

 used for architectural purposes are noticed, and 

 some of these, such as limestone, marble, sand- 

 stone, flagstone, flint, slate, granite, basalt (green- 

 stone), serpentine, and porphyry, are again referred 

 to under their respective names. See under MILL, 

 OVEN, and WHETSTONES for millstones, firestone 

 (leckstone), and hones. Purely ornamental stones 

 other than gems are noticed under ALABASTER, 

 FLUORSPAR, JADE, JASPER, LABRADORITE, LAPIS 

 LAZULI, MALACHITE, and other heads. The beau- 

 tiful material called Mexican onyx marble (stalag- 

 mitic aragonite) has only been known for a few 

 years. Algerian onyx marble, also a handsome 

 stone, wants the bright-coloured veins of the Mexi- 

 can. The most recent addition to these ornamental 

 stones is the jasperised wood of Arizona, many 

 pieces of which are of striking beauty. In recent 

 years some beautiful porphyries and granites from 

 Norway and other countries have been cut and 

 polished for decorative purposes at some of the 

 Aberdeen granite-works. Besides its well-known 

 granites Scotland possesses quite a number of 

 handsome siliceous stones suitable for architectural 

 decoration, hitherto not utilised. 



Stone-dressing. Ashlar stones (see MASONRY), 

 whether of limestone or sandstone, after being 

 chiselled on the face, generally get the tool- 

 marks removed by smoothing them with a bit 

 of soft sandstone and water. In England a stone 

 so finished is technically said to be rubbed; in 

 Scotland, polished. It has recently become the 

 custom in Scotland, where sandstone is the only 

 freestone, to dispense with the 'polishing ' and 

 leave irregular chisel-marks visible. In former 

 years there were in use various effective ways of 

 dressing stones for the fronts of buildings. One of 

 these was tooling or droving i.e. covering the face 

 with small flutings by means of a broad chisel ; 

 another was broaching or incising the face with 

 narrow parallel grooves by the use of a pointed 

 tool. Many buildings of a by no means unpre- 

 tentious kind recently erected in Scotland and else- 

 where have their ashlar stones dressed only on their 

 beds and joints, their faces being merely ' pinched ' 

 from the edges, leaving the exposed part of the 

 stones rough and hackly. When the face of 

 granite is not polished it is generally dressed with 

 a nidging hammer, which gives it a chiselled 

 appearance. 



Preservation of Stone. The preservation of stone 

 can be effected to a great extent by coating the 

 surface with boiled linseed-oil, or with oil-paint ; 

 but these methods are not much in favour, as they 

 destroy the crystalline appearance which consti- 

 tutes the beauty of most natural stones. There is, 

 however, no other efficient way known of preserv- 

 ing a sandstone with a tendency to decay. More 

 hope may be entertained that certain chemical 

 solutions will prevent the wasting of oolitic and 

 magnesian limestones so much used as building 

 stones in London and southern England generally. 

 The coating of these with an alkaline silicate and 

 the subsequent application of calcium chloride, as 

 proposed by Ransome, has not had the beneficial 

 result which was expected from this treatment. 

 Quite recently the owners of the Bath stone 

 (oolitic) quarries have recommended a preserving 

 solution under the name of 'Fluate.' The exact 

 nature of this material does not appear to have 

 been disclosed, but in October 1890 The Builder 

 published analyses of the stone before and after 

 being fluated. It may be inferred from these 

 analyses that its durability is increased by the 

 application of this fluid to its surface, but there 

 can be no certainty till the treatment is tested by 



