STRAITS SETTLEMENTS 



STRANGFORD 



759 



decompose the complete strain into these two types 

 of strain, which, as explained under Elasticity 

 (q.v.), have to do with two quite distinct co- 

 efficientsviz. the Rigidity (q.v.) and the bulk 

 modulus (see COMPRESSIBILITY). A distortion is 

 a M ruin which involves no change of volume ; and 

 any distortion can always be decomposed into a 

 number of shears or simple distortions. The 

 simplest representation of a shear is given by the 

 slight deformation of a circle into an ellipse of 

 the same area. The major and minor axes of the 

 ellipse are the principle axes of the shear, which 

 is completely determined when its plane, axes, and 

 elongations or contractions along these axes are 

 given. A shear may also be represented by the 

 sliding action of layer over layer which trans- 

 forms a square into a parallelogram of the same 

 area. Corresponding to a shear is the shearing 

 stress, whose ratio to the shear is called the rigidity. 

 It is obvious that in bending a bow or twisting a 

 rod ( gee TORSION ) we are producing strains which 

 are not homogeneous ; but by considering very 

 small portions we are able to discuss the relations 

 holding between the strains and corresponding 

 stresses as if the strains were homogeneous. 



When a body is perfectly elastic the relation 

 between stress and strain is unchanging ; in other 

 words, to sustain the strain the same stress must 

 be constantly applied. All solids, however, may 

 be strained to such a degree that the strain may be 

 supported by a weaker stress than that which pro- 

 duced the strain at first. Or, when a given stress 

 is kept applied, the body may gradually alter its 

 condition of strain as time goes on. Solids, in 

 short, are found to possess Viscosity (q.v.), in 

 virtue of which they yield slowly to a steady 

 stress. Thus Tresca has caused metals to flow 

 through ducts by application of great pressure. 

 See STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 



Bodies may be strained by the action of other 

 agents than mechanical forces. The most familiar 

 example of this is the change of bulk which accom- 

 panies change of Temperature ( q. v. ). Electrification 

 also produces changes of volume. Again, the mag- 

 netic metals, iron, nickel, and cobalt, undergo very 

 complicated strains when magnetised in various 

 ways. In all these instances there is always a 

 reciprocal effect, a particular straining producing 

 thermal, electric, or magnetic changes. 



Straits Settlements, a British colony in the 

 East Indies, consists (since 1867) of settlements on 

 the Straits of Malacca, or rather on the Malay 

 Peninsula -viz. Singapore, Malacca, Penang, Keel- 

 ing Islands (since 1886), and Christmas Island 

 (since 1889). For particulars of these, see the 

 respective articles. The total area is 1542 sq. m. 

 and the total pop. (1881) 423,384; (1891)506,577. 

 About 150,000 of these are Chinese, and a large 

 number natives of India ; of these last there arrive 

 about 18,000 every year, though nearly as many 

 leave again. The principal productions of the 

 colony are tin, gambler, tapioca, rice, sugar, pepper, 

 and other spices. The trade is largely a transit 

 one ; and the exports reach approximately an annual 

 value of 30,000,000, the imports of 40,000,000; 

 but lx>th are increasing at a rapid rate. There are 

 a number of native dependent states, the salient 

 particulars regarding which are given here, while 

 the more important states are treated in separate 

 articles. 



SUU. 



Made a 

 BrltUh Fro- *" 



tectorateln 



*" 



Annual Annual 



p , value o( value ol 



' Import*. Export.. 



Permk ....... 1874 7,960 212,997 1,101,000 808,000 



SffUnzor ...... 1874 5,000 81,421 1,098,000 436,700 



8ungelUjong....l886 680 23,602 88,600 64,000 



Nerrl8mbitan..l889 2,000 41,617 16,000 22,000 

 Phang .......... 1888 15,000 52,803 



Total ...... .30,610 412,440 2,303,600 1,130,700 



The more notable productions of these states are 

 tin, rice, coffee, sugar, tea, cinchona. Tin is 

 chiefly mined in Perak by Chinese, and worked at 

 the mines, and at Singapore and Penang. The 

 climate of all these states and districts is pretty 

 uniform, though high, the mean being 82'5 F. 

 The rainfall is distributed with tolerable regularity 

 over the whole twelve months, in which period it 

 ranges from 84 to 110 inches. See the map in Vol. 

 II. p. 562. 



SI ralsiind. a seaport of Prussia, is situated on 

 a narrow strait called the Strela Sound, which 

 divides the mainland from the island of Riigen, 

 and 67 miles by rail NW. from Stettin. It forms 

 an island, connected with the mainland by bridges. 

 Down to 1873 the place was a fortress of the 

 first class. Many of the houses are finely gabled, 

 which gives the town a quaint and ancient look. 

 The most interesting building is the town-house 

 (1306), with a museum of antiquities from the 

 island of Riigen. Stralsund carries on a large ex- 

 port trade in malt, corn, fish, wool, coal, groceries, 

 &c., and manufactures leather, sugar, starch, oil, 

 and cards. Pop. (1890) 27,820. Stralsund was 

 founded in 1209, and became one of the most im- 

 portant members of the Hansa. During the Thirty 

 Years' War it successfully withstood a terrible 

 siege ( 1628) by Wallenstein ; but in 1678 it capit- 

 ulated to the Great Elector after a furious bom- 

 bardment. It again opened its gates to Prussia 

 and her allies in 1715, to the French in 1807, and 

 to the Danes and others in 1809. The town was 

 held by the Swedes from 1628 to 1814; in the 

 year following (1815) Denmark gave it up to 

 Prussia. 



Stramonium. See THORN-APPLE. 



Strange, SIR ROBERT, engraver, was born at 

 Kirkwall, in Orkney, on 14th July 1721. He 

 had tried sailoring and a law-clerkship with an 

 elder half-brother in Edinburgh, when in 1735 he 

 was apprenticed for six years to an English engraver 

 there, Richard Cooper. His apprenticeship ended, 

 he fell in love with a young Jacobite lady, Isabella 

 Lumisden, and for her sake in 1745 espoused the 

 cause of Prince Charles Edward, engraving not 

 only his portrait but his bank-notes, and enlisting, 

 as a private in the prince's life-guards. He fought 

 at Culloden, escaped his pursuers by hiding 

 beneath his sweetheart's ample-hooped gown, in 

 1747 married her, and next year repaired to Rouen 

 and thence to Paris, and studied under Des- 

 cainps and Lebas. In 1750 he returned to Britain, 

 and settling in London soon attained the very 

 highest rank in his profession. On a second visit 

 to the Continent (1760-65), to execute engravings 

 after the old masters, his eminence was recognised 

 by the academies of Paris, Rome, Florence, 

 Bologna, and Parma, which all conferred on him 

 the honour of membership ; and subsequently, in 

 1787, he was knighted, having made peace with 

 the reigning house by engraving West's picture of 

 the apotheosis of George III. 's children, Octavius 

 and Alfred. He died a wealthy man on 5th July 

 1792, his wife surviving him by fourteen years. 



See Dennistoun's Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange (2 

 vols. 1855 ) ; the Life by the Rev. F. Woodward prefixed 

 to Twenty Masterpieces of Stranye ( 1874 ) ; and also the 

 Introduction to Marshal Keith's Memoir (Spalding 

 Club, 1843). 



Straiigford, VISCOUNT. Percy-Clinton-Syd- 

 ney Smythe was born 31st August 1780, studied 

 at Trinity College, Dublin, and entered the diplo- 

 matic service. He succeeded to the title as sixth 

 viscount in 1801, was secretary of legation at 

 Lisbon, and later ambassador successively to Por- 

 tugal, Sweden, Turkey, and Russia. He was 

 raised to the English peerage as Baron Penshurst 



