764 



STKATHNAIKN 



STRAUSS 



long and from 5 to 10 miles broad ; but Strathmore 

 proper extends only frotn Perth to ncitr Mrechin 

 (alxmt 40 miles). 



Strnthiiairn, LORD, comnmndrr-in-cliief in 

 India. Hugh Rose, son of Sir George Rose, was 

 Ixirn 1803, and entered the army in 1820. He wax 

 military attache to the Turkish army in the war 

 with Mehemet AH in 1840, was c<m-ul general for 

 Syria, and as secretary to Lord Stratford de Kedclitf,- 

 was chargt d'affaires a& Constantinople in 1853-54. 

 He was commissioner at the French headquarters 

 during the Crimean war, and, now K.C.B., was 

 sent to India in 1857 to command the Central Indian 

 army. In command of this force he virtually recon- 

 quered Central India ; and, though his campaign 

 was overshadowed by those of Sir Colin Camp- 

 bell, it is generally admitted that the operations of 

 Sir Hugh Rose were more brilliant and skilful than 

 those of his chief. On the death of Lord Clyde 

 Sir Hugh Rose became commander-in-chief in 

 India : in 1865-70 he held the same post in Ireland. 

 Raised to the peerage in 1866, and made field- 

 marslial in 1877, he died 16th October 1885. See 

 Sir O. T. Burne, Clyde and Strathnairn ( 1891 ). 



Strut ll|M'nYr. a fashionable Scottish watering- 

 place in the county of Ross and Cromarty, to the 

 south of Ben Wyv'is (3429 feet), and 5 miles W. 

 of Dingwall by rail, 215 NNW. of Edinburgh. Its 

 sulphur and chalybeate springs are highly effica- 

 cious in digestive and rheumatic disorders ; and it 

 has a pump-room with baths and three large hotels. 

 See Dr Fortescue Fox's Strathpeffer Spa ( 1889). 



Strathspey, a Scotch dance, allied to and 

 danced alternately with the Reel ( q. v. ). The name 

 is derived from the strath or valley of the Spey, 

 where it seems to have originated ; but it does not 

 occur before the middle of the 18th century, and 

 was at first applied indiscriminately to music now 

 known as reels. It differs from the latter in l>eing 

 slower, and abounding in the jerky motion of dotted 

 notes and semiquavers ( when the latter precede the 

 former it constitutes the Scotch Snap), while the 

 reel is almost entirely in smooth, equal, gliding 

 motion. Many of Hurns's songs were written to 

 the music of strathspeys. 



Stratiotes. See WATER-SOLDIER. 



Stratum (Lat., 'spread out'), equivalent in 

 Geology to the term bed or layer, but implying 

 that Uie beds or layers of rock have been spread 

 out over the surface. Rocks so arranged are 

 said to be stratified. The stratified rocks include 

 all those that are of derivative origin, such as 

 conglomerate, sandstone, shale, &c. Many igneons 

 rocks, however, are also arranged in layers or 

 bedf), as in the case of the basalt plateaus of 

 Antrim, the Inner Hebrides, the Faroe Islands, 

 Iceland, &c. In these regions we encounter a 

 great succession of sheets of basalt with inter- 

 bedded layers of fragmental materials (tuff, &c.). 

 Such consecutive series of igneous rocks are 

 truly stratified. Imt when a geologist speaks of 

 ' the stratified rocks ' he is understood to refer 

 more particularly to the derivative or aqueous 

 rocks, the most important characteristic of which 

 is their bedded or stratified arrangement. In a 

 series of stratified rocks each individual layer of 

 sandstone, shale, limestone, &<. is a stratum, 

 which may or may not lx> homogeneous in struc- 

 ture. For while some beds consist of a series of 

 thinner layers or lamimr, others show no such 

 subordinate divisions. Thus, the particular variety 

 of sandstone which is called freestone is not lamin- 

 ated, but of homogeneous st met lire, while n strati! Ill 

 of shale is composed of numerous thin lamina. 

 Such lamiii.-e have a more or lews close cohesion, 

 which is sometimes so great that it is almost as 

 easy to break the rock against as with the grain. 



Individual strata are more readily separate! from 

 overlying and underlying beds. The degree of 

 cohesion between laminie probably depends upon 

 the rate at which sedimentation 'took place. If 

 deposition was comparatively rapid the successive 

 laniimc would tend to cohere more readily than 

 would l>e the case where each individual layer had 

 hail time to become more or less solidified Ix-foie 

 the deposition of the succeeding laminie. Ltut in 

 vriy many cases the cohesion of liiminie has been 

 effected by subsequent pressure, and sometimes by 

 infiltration of cementing material. The planes of 

 stratification are always more strongly pronounced 

 than those of lamination, and generally point i., 

 some lapse of time (longer or snorter as the case 

 may be) to a pause in the deposition of sediment- 

 ary matter. For further remarks, see GEOLOGY. 



Straiibinsi. an old town of Lower Bavaria, 

 on the right bank of the Danulw, 25 miles by rail 

 SE. of Ratisbon, makes large quantities of bricks, 

 lime, cement, and leather. Fraunhofer was a 

 native. In a little chapel here there is a monu- 

 ment to Agnes Bernauer (q.v.). Pop. (1890) 13,865. 



Strauss, DAVID FRIEDRICH, author of the 

 famous Leben Jesu, was lx>rn on the 27th January 

 1808, at Ludwigsburg in Wurtemberg. His ednca 

 tion was begun in his native town, and completed 

 in the theological seminaries of Blaulieurcn an.l 

 Tubingen. In 1830, his head filled with Hegel's 

 philosophy and Schleiermacher's theology, he 

 entered on the simple life of a country pastor ; but 

 already in the following year he was in Maulbronn 

 acting as professor in the seminary, and went thence 

 to Berlin for six months to continue his Hegelian 

 studies, and hear the lectures of Schleiermacher. 

 Returning to Tubingen in 1832, he became repeti-nt 

 in the theological seminary, and in the next years 

 held also philosophical lectures in the university 

 as a disciple of Hegel. Known as yet only to a 

 narrow circle, he became all at once a man of mark 

 by the publication, in 1835, of his Life of Jesus 

 critically treated (2 vols. Tub. ; 4th ed. 1840; 

 Eng. trans, by George Eliot, 1846). In this work 

 he applied to the New Testament the met hod which 

 had already worked havoc with the old legends of 

 Greece and Rome, and which De Wette had to 

 some extent applied to the Old Testament. 

 Strauss attempted to prove the received gospel 

 history to be a collection of myths gradually formed 

 in the early Christian communities, and sought by 

 an analytical dissection of each separate narra- 

 tive to detect, where it existed, a nucleus of his- 

 torical truth free from every trace of supernatur- 

 al ism. The facts of the gospels were mere myths 

 like those of the earl^' Roman historians ; no 

 miracle, prophecy, or incarnation was left ; the 

 Christ of faith was a mere idea or group of ideas 

 (see MIRACLE). The Look made a real epoch in 

 theological literature, and produced a violent excite- 

 ment in and out of Germany, calling forth numlior- 

 less replies from opponents, frightening many In 

 Ixdd disregard of consequences back into the ranks 

 of orthodoxy, and stirring up other- to similar 

 investigations. The first consequence to the author 

 was his dismissal from his academical position in 

 Tubingen, ami transference to the Lyceum of I.iid- 

 wigslmrg. He resigned the new post, however, 

 very soon in 1836, and retired into private life at 

 Stuttgart, to have leisure to defend himself. In 

 1837 ne published his Streitschriften against his 

 opponent* ; and in 1838 Ztvei friedliche Blatter, a 

 more conciliatory exposition of his views. Early in 

 1839 he was called ay the Hoard of Education in 

 Zurich to be professor of Dogmatics and Church 

 History in the university ; but the step raised such 

 a storm of opposition amongst the public that the 

 proposition had to be dropped (lie receiving a 



