774 



STURLASON 



STUTTGART 



principal object* of the sturgeon-fishery on the 

 Volga. A. huso is the largest species, reaching 25 

 feet in length, and also lielongs to the Black ami 

 Caspian Seas. A. itellatutt in another species of 

 these leas; it reaches 5 feet in length. Other 

 species occur on the Atlantic and Arctic coast* of 

 North America, in the great lakes of the St 

 Lawrence system, in California, and on the west 

 coasts of tin- North Pacific, in China, and eastern 

 Siberia, A. brtcirostris belongs to the southern 

 Atlantic coasts of the United States. The species 

 of the great lakes of the St Lawrence is A. rvbt- 

 cimrtiu. The species of California and the Pacific 

 coast is A. transmontttntis. 



The most important sturgeon-fishery in Europe 

 is that of the Volga and tin- Caspian Sea. The 

 flesh of the lish is salted, and caviare and isinglass 

 made on a large scale from the roes ami air-bladder. 

 In America sturgeon flesh is eaten fresh, and caviare 

 is made both in Georgia and in San Francisco ; but 

 there is no great fishery in any particular district, 

 and the manufacture of Isinglass (q.v.) does not 

 receive much attention. 



St iirlason. See SNORRI STURLASON. 



Sturm, JOHANNES, well known as an educa- 

 tional reformer, was born at Sleiden, in thednehv 

 of Luxemburg, 1st October 1507. In his fifteenth 

 year he was sent to Liege, where he attended a 

 school of the Brothers of the Common Life a school 

 so admirably organised that in his own subsequent 

 reform of the schools at Strasburg Sturm largely 

 followed its model. Three years later Stunn con- 

 tinued hts studies at Louvain, then the most 

 enlightened centre of the higher studies north of 

 the Alps, where shortly before there hod been 

 founded a college for the teaching of l.at in. Greek, 

 and Hebrew. Besides his zeal as an educational 

 reformer Sturm all through life had the ambition 

 to write a Latin style framed on the best models of 

 antiquity. It was at this time, therefore, that he 

 began the assiduous study of Cicero, whom to the 

 end he never ceased to read with unabated zeal. 

 He remained some five years in Louvain. 



In 1529 he went to Paris, and at first gave him- 

 self to medicine, with a view to securing a settled 

 competence. But his natural instinct again de- 

 clared itself, and he returned to the study of Cicero, 

 on whom he gave courses of lectures in the College 

 Roval. Besides lecturing on Cicero he also taught 

 dialectics, and had for one of his students Petrus 

 Ramus (q.v.). As a sympathiser with the new 

 teaching in religion, identified as yet only with the 

 name' of l.uther, it was at some risk that Sturm 

 made his home in Paris. Aeeoidingly, when a 

 request was made to him (1536) by the authorities 

 of Strasbiirg to come to their assistance in re- 

 organising the fdiieiition of their town, Sturm 

 willingly accepted their offer. By its position on 

 the frontiers of France and Germany Stroslmrg 

 played a part of the highest importance in the 

 political and religious history of the 10th century. 

 Both in the religion ami polities of his time Stunn 

 took a prominent part, and on diHerent occasions 

 was sent on missions to France, F.ngland, and 

 Denmark. In religion he took hides with /wingli 

 against Luther, with whose followers in Strasburg 

 he was in constant controversy, which embitteieil 

 all the later years of his life. 



Before Sturm's settlement in Strasburg its magis- 

 trates had shown an enlightened interest in public 

 instruction : hut guided and inspired by Sturm the 

 town became one of the most im|>orUint educational 

 centres in Europe. Two years after his arrival 

 (1538) a new gymnasium was established, with 

 Sturm as its rector, and at the same time Ixiarding- 

 houses were erected for poor students with the 

 object of suppressing the tnediieval practice of 



mendicancy. F.lemcntarv and secondary educa- 

 tion were thus provided for; but it was the ambi- 

 tion of Sturm that the higher studies should also 

 IK- within reach of every youth of Strasbiirg. The 

 divided councils of the town, however, and the 

 outlay the organisation of Mich studies would 

 imply delayed Sturm's scheme till as late as 1564. 

 In that year was founded the St rat-burg Academy, 

 which, together with the Gymnasium, mppttad a 

 complete course of instruction in all the learning 

 of the time. Sturm's ideal in education wa- Mo 

 direct the aspiration of the scholars towards Cod, 

 to develop their intelligence, and to render them 

 useful citizens by teaching them the skill to com- 

 municate their thoughts and sentiments with per- 

 suasive effect.' In carryingout this ideal, described 

 in his favourite phrase jrietas litrnifii, St mm showed 

 his superiority by his judicious gradation of the 

 course of study, and by his novel and attractive 

 methods of instruction. It is his chief praise that 

 beyond all his contemporaries he succeeded in co- 

 rel'at ing public instruction to the moral ami intel 

 lectual development of his time. It was little to 

 the credit of Strasburg, therefore, that in his last 

 years he was forced to leave the town through the 

 intolerance of Lutheran zeal. Eventually per- 

 mitted to return, he died on 3d March 1589. 

 He was a voluminous writer, but, except for the 

 light they throw on the great questions of the llith 

 century, his works possess no independent value. 



See Charles Schmidt, La Vie et la Travaux de Jean 

 Sturm (Strasburg, 1855), and German works by Laas 

 (1872) and Kuckelhahn (1872). 



Sturm mid DranK. See GERMANY, p. 188. 



Stiirt. CHARLES, one of the most resolute of 

 Australian explorers, went as captain of his regi- 

 ment to Australia, and between 1828 and 1845 

 headed th ree important ex peditions( see AUSTRALIA, 

 Vol. I. p. 592 ), from the last of which he returned 

 blinded by hardship and exposure. He held several 

 colonial appointments, and in 1851 received a pen- 

 sion from the first South Australian parliament. 

 He wrote two narratives of his explorations (1833 

 and 1848), and died in England, 16th June 1869. 



Stuttering. See STAMMERING. 



Stuttgart, the capital of VVurtemberg, stands 

 in a natural basin (817 feet above sea- level) sur- 

 rounded by hills, which are studded with villas, 

 vineyards, and gardens, and crowned with woods, 

 about 2 miles from the Neckar, and 189 by rail 

 WNW. of Munich, 1-J7 SSK. of Frankfort. Fxcept 

 the churches, most of the public edifices date from 

 the I'.Mh century, and are cliielly built in the 

 Renaissance style. The centre of the place is the 

 Palace Square, U]KHI or near which stand the 

 following buildings the new royal palace (1746- 

 1807), the old royal castle ( 16th' century ). two or 

 three other palaces of the royal family, the Konigs- 



bail (shops, DOVTM, coi it rooms. \c. i. the theatie, 



the railway station (one of the finest in all Ger- 

 many), the post otliee, the Akademie ifoimerly the 

 Carl' School ; now library and guardhouse), and 

 the jubilee column (1841), and statues of Schiller 

 and Duke Eberhard. The Collegiate Church, St 

 Leonard's, and the Hospital Church date from the 

 15th century. The last two, as well as the modem 

 church of St John, are in the Gothic style. The 

 other chief public institutions of Stuttgart are its 

 famous Polytechnic (with 250 students), the Con- 

 servatory of Music-, the royal library (425,000 vols., 

 with a line collection of 7000 Bibles), the- museum 

 and picture-gallery (line Thorwal.ls.Mi cast>), and 

 other collections and educational establishment*. 

 Stuttgart ranks next after Leipzig as a centre of 

 the German book trade. It has, moreover, active 

 industries connected with textiles, beer, pianofortes, 

 chemicals, chocolate, artists' colours, furniture, and 



