STUYVESANT 



SUAREZ 



775 



has celebrated fairs for books, hops, horses, and 

 cloth. North-east from the palace lies the pic- 

 turesque royal park (with some good statuary), 

 extending almost all the way to Cannstatt (q.v.). 

 There are an unusually large number of royal seats 

 and palaces in the vicinity of this place, as the 

 Solitude, Hohenheim, Wilhelma, Rosenstein, Berg. 

 Hegel and Hauff were born at Stuttgart. Pop. 

 ( 1875 ) 107,573 ; ( 1890 ) 139,659. Stuttgart owes its 

 name and origin to a stud-farm of the early Counts 

 of Wiirtemberg, and has been the capital since 1482. 



Stnyvesant, PETER, governor of New York, 

 was lx>rn in Holland in 1602, became governor of 

 Curacoa, and lost a leg in the attack on St Martin, 

 and in 1646 was appointed captain-general of the 

 New Netherlands. He proved a vigorous but 

 arbitrary ruler, a rigid Sabbatarian, and an indig- 

 nant opponent of political and religious freedom. 

 Yet he did much tor the commercial prosperity of 

 the city, which received its name of New Amster- 

 dam in 1653, and which he would fain have held 

 against the English in 1664, when it became New 

 York. He afterwards lived at his farm the 

 'Great Bouwerie,' whose name survives in one of 

 the older streets of the city which soon covered it ; 

 ami there he died in August 1682. 



Stye. See EVE, Vol. IV. p. 516. 



Style, OLD AND NEW. See CALENDAR. 



Stylites, SIMEON, the earliest and most famous 

 of the ascetics called Pillar-saints (Gr. stylites), 

 had been a monk, and had lived, in the beginning 

 of the 5th century, in extreme seclusion in his 

 Syrian monastery for nine years, without ever 

 moving from his narrow cell. Increasing in enthu- 

 siasm he withdrew to Telanessa, near Antipch, 

 where lie established himself on the top of a pillar 

 72 feet high, and only 4 feet square at the top. 

 Here he spent thirty years. During the day he 

 preached to the crowds who gathered at the foot of 

 liis pillar ; and his admonitions to emperors and 

 empresses were accepted with humility. The fame 

 of his sanctity brought crowds of pilgrims from the 

 most distant countries to see him ; and the admira- 

 tion of his fasting and other austerities is said to 

 have converted many pagans to the church. He 

 died on his pillar in 459, aged seventy-two, and 

 was buried with the greatest pomp at Antioch. 

 A disciple of Simeon, named Daniel, succeeded 

 to hi* reputation for sanctity, and to his mode of 

 life, which he maintained for thirty-three years, 

 in the still more trying climate of the shores of 

 the Bosporus, about 4 miles from Constantinople. 

 The emperor at length insisted on a covering being 

 placed over the top of the pillar, and Daniel sur- 

 vived till the year 494. In Syria there were many 

 pillar-saints as far down as the 12th century ; but 

 in the west Daniel is all but a solitary example. 

 A monk named Wulfailich, near Treves, attempted 

 the pillar-life in the 6th century, but the neigh- 

 bouring bishops compelled him to desist and 

 destroyed his pillar. 



Styptics ( Gr. sfyptikos, ' astringent ') are agents 

 employed in Surgery for the purpose of checking 

 the flow of blood by application to the bleeding 

 orifice or surface. See BLEEDING. 



St.vrla (Ger. Steiermark), a duchy of Austria, 

 is bounded on the N. by Upper and Lower Austria, 

 E. by Hungary, S. and W. by Carniola, Carintliia, 

 and Salzburg. Its area is 8629 sq. m., and pop. 

 (1880) 1,213,197; (1890) 1,281,023, who are partly 

 (67 per cent.) of German and partly (33 per 

 cent.) of Slavonic origin. Styria is a mountainous 

 country, traversed in all parts by ramifications of 

 the Alps. The Save and Drave water the southern 

 districts ; the Mur, going south to the Drave, Hows 

 through the middle of the duchy ; while the Euns 



skirts the north-west boundary. The climate is 

 variable, but generally raw and cold in the northern 

 and more mountainous portion, and mild in valleys 

 and in the south. Forests cover 5H per cent, of 

 the area ; 25J per cent, is meadows and pastures ; 

 and 22 per cent, is under cultivation, producing 

 oats, maize, rye, potatoes, roots for cattle, flax, 

 wine. The chief wealth of the country, however, 

 lies in its mineral products, especially iron ; the 

 secondary minerals include salt, coal, graphite, 

 zinc, &c. The chief industries are connected with 

 the production of iron and steel, and their manu- 

 facture into such articles as machinery, agricul- 

 tural implements, wire, and so forth. There are 

 also manufactures of cement, chemicals, candles, 

 cloth, gunpowder, beer, paper, tobacco, and glass. 

 Styria was anciently divided between Noricuin and 

 Pannonia, and in the end of the 6th century 

 was colonised by the Wends (Slavs). In 1056 

 it was separated from Carinthia and made a 

 separate margraviate ; and in 1192 it was joined to 

 the Austrian crown, having a few years previously 

 been made a duchy. 



Styx (Gr. stygein, 'to hate'), one of the rivers 

 of Hades the tenth part of the waters of Oceanus 

 flowing round it seven times with dark and slug- 

 gish stream, across which Charon ferries the shades 

 of the departed. The nymph of this stream was 

 the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and she first, 

 together with her children, came to the help of 

 Zeus against the Titans. For this service they 

 were taken to Olympus, and she herself became 

 the goddess by whom the most solemn oaths of the 

 immortals were sworn. When such an oath was 

 taken Iris brought some of her sacred water in a 

 golden cup, and whoso swore falsely by it lay 

 speechless and breathless for a year, and was 

 banished nine from the councils of the gods. A 

 rocky stream falling into the Crathis in the north- 

 east of Arcadia bore this name, the scenery around 

 it being fittingly weird and desolate. 



Snabia. See SWABIA. 



Suahelt. See SWAHILI. 



Sun kill, or more correctly SAWAKIN, a seaport 

 of the Red Sea, stands on a small rocky island in 

 a bay on its west side, and is the principal outlet 

 for the commerce of Nubia and of the countries of 

 the Sudan beyond. The island-town is connected 

 with the settlement of El-Keff on the adjacent 

 mainland by a causeway. There are active indus- 

 tries in silver ornaments, knives and spear-heads, 

 and leather- work ; but the commerce was, previous 

 to the disturbances which broke out in that quarter 

 in 1883, of much greater moment, being valued at 

 one million sterling annually. Since tranquillity 

 was restored the trade has revived ( 103,800 in 1886 ; 

 251,700 in 1890; 210,768 in 1891 ). The more im- 

 portant exports are silver ornaments, ivory, gums, 

 millet, cattle, hides, and gold ; the imports, diirra, 

 cottons, flour, sugar, rice, ghi, dates, and coal. 

 Here some 6000 or 7000 pilgrims embark every year 

 for Mecca. The Egyptians occupied this port when 

 they extended their power over the Sudan ; and in 

 its vicinity several battles were fought between the 

 allied Egyptians and English against the fanatical 

 followers of the Mahdi. Ever since those troubles 

 began Suakin has been held by an English garri- 

 son. Pop. 11,000. See BERBER; and works by E. 

 G. Parry ( 1885) and W. Galloway ( 1888). 



Sliarez, FRANCISCO, a philosopher and divine 

 of the Konian Catholic Church, was born at 

 Granada on 5th January 1548. As a youth he was 

 so backward that he had considerable difficulty in 

 gaining admission to the order of the Jesuits. But 

 his mind ripened rapidly and developed in some 

 respects unusually nigh qualities. During the 

 course of his career he taugnt theology at Segovia, 



