rao 



SUCC1NIC ACID 



SUCKLING 



had refuged his signature to the Pragmatic Saner ion 

 (q.v. ), demanded the imfx-rial crown as the descend- 

 ant of the Emperor Ferdinand I., and lie was backed 

 up by France and Spain. Augustus of Saxony ami 

 Poland advanced IIIB claim as l'inx tin- husliand 

 of the eldest daughter of the Emperor Joseph I. 

 Frederick the Great of Prussia seized the opjior- 

 tunity to wrest Silesia, which he greatly cover n I. 

 friini tlie crown of Austria. Tin- Bavarians and 

 the French (under Belleisle) invaded Bohemia, and 

 crowned the elector king of that country at Prague 

 on 19th December 1741. About two months later 

 he assumed the imperial crown at Frankfort-on- 

 M.iin; vet on the very next day his own capital 

 (Munich) was occupied by the Austrian general 

 Khevenhiiller, who, assisted by the high-spirited 

 Hungarian**, had advanced up the Danube, and 

 now speedily overran Bavaria. A few months 

 later the empress-queen bought off her most 

 dangerous antagonist, Frederick, by giving up to 

 him Silesia. At this time, too, Augustus of 

 Saxony, who had at first made common cause with 

 the French and the Bavarians, withdrew from the 

 contest and made peace with Maria Theresa. In 

 the end of 1742 the Austrians were forced out of 

 Havana and the French evacuated Bohemia. The 

 English, who from the first paid a substantial 

 subsidy to Austria, took up arms on her behalf in 

 this same year, and in 1743 defeated the French 

 at Dettingen in Havana. In this year the Aus- 

 trians re]>osse-.ed t hem-elves of the filector Charles 

 Albert's dominion. Saxony now joined the allies 

 and took the field against his former associates. 

 On the other hand, Frederick renewed hostilities 

 and invaded Bohemia ; but after a short interval 

 he was once more willing to make peace. About 

 this juncture Charles Albert died, and his son 

 and successor abandoned his father's pretensions 

 to Maria Theresa's dominions. This left France 

 to carry on the struggle alone. But whilst Austria 

 had the better of tin- war in Italy, Marshal Saxe 

 captured several of the Flemish fortresses, won the 

 victories of Fontenoy (1745), Roconx (1746), and 

 Lawfeldt (1747), and reduced the Austrian (for- 

 merly Spanish) Netherlands. Peace was at length 

 concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle on 18th October 1748, 

 things remaining pretty much in statu quo, except 

 that Frederick was allowed to retain Silesia. 



See Arncth, QachickU Maria Thtrana* (10 vola. 

 Vienna, 1863-79); and MARIA THERESA, SAXE, &o. 



Succinic Acid derives its name from its 

 having been originally found in amber (Lat. sue- 

 cinum). Succinic acid occurs as a natural con- 

 stituent not only in amber, but also in the resins 

 of many of the pine tribe, in the leaves of the 

 lettuce and wormwood ; and in the animal king- 

 dom it has been detected in the fluids of hydatid 

 cysto and hydrocele, in the parenchymatous juices 

 of the thymus gland of the calf, and of the pancreas 

 and thyroid gland of the ox. Succinic acid is con- 

 vertible into tartaric acid, and conversely. 



Succory. See CHICORY. 

 Succoth. See PITHOM. 

 Siicculiiis. See DKMONOLOOY. 



Succulent Plants, a descriptive phrase 

 applied to the CrasHulacens Cactaceje, Euphorbi- 



aee:e. Me-eliihrV!lce:e. -onic Lilian-:!-, >Vc. 



Siiclicl. LOUIS-GABRIEL, Due d'Albufera, and 

 marshal of France, was liorn, son of a silk manu- 

 facturer, at Lyons, 2<1 March 1770. At twenty-two 

 he volunteered into the cavalry of the Lyons national 

 guard, next fought in Italy, ami by his conspicuous 

 courage and ability at Lodi, Kivoli, Castiglione, 

 Arc,, la. and a hundred battles, had risen by 1798 

 to be general of brigade. He added to his reputa- 

 tion it. Egypt and again in Italy, served as general 



of division under Jouhert in 1799, and the year 

 after was s<-cnii<l in command to Masseua. He 

 cnered himself with glory by checking a vastly 

 superior Austrian force under Melas (1800), and 

 HO preventing the invasion of the south of France. 

 Id' took a distinguished pair in the campaigns 

 against Austria (1805) iin.i I'm ia (1806), and 

 was suWijueiiilv (April 1H()9) appointed general- 

 issimo of the French army in Aragon his first 

 inde]>endent command. By marvellous tact no 

 less than military skill he reduced this stubborn 

 province to complete submission within two years. 

 He conquered at Mavia and I.erida, and toot Tor- 

 tosa and Tarragona, for which he was rewarded 

 with a marshal's baton. In 1812 he destroyed the- 

 army of Blake at Sagunto, and on the !)th January 

 of that year captured Valencia, earning the title 

 of Duke of Albufera. The details of his I'm- 

 Spanish campaigns have been well given by him 

 in his Mfmoires sur tes Campagncs en J?i/w/'" 

 (2 vols. Paris, 1829-34). He was created a peer 

 of France by Louis XVIIL, but joined Napoleon 

 after his return from Elba, and was charged with 

 the defence of the south-west frontier. Deprived 

 of his peerage after the disaster of Waterloo, he 

 did not return to court till it was restored in 

 1819. He died at the chateau of Saint-. Joseph, 

 near Marseilles, 3d January 1826. O'Meara and 

 Las Cases tell us that of nis generals Napoleon 

 ranked Masscna first and Suchet second. 



Sucking-fish, a name sometimes given to the 

 Remora (q.v.) or Echencis, which has a dorsal 

 sucker, and to other fishes which have a sucker 

 formed by the union of the ventral fins e.g. Cyclnii- 

 terus lumpits, the Luiiipsueker (q.v.). To the 

 memliers of the carp-like Catostoniidn*, almost 

 exclusively confined to the rivers of North America, 

 the name sucker is also applied, in allusion to their 

 mode of sucking up their food, which consists of 

 small aquatic animals. 



Suckling, SIR JOHN, poet, was bom at Whit- 

 ton in Middlesex, and baptised February 10, 1609. 

 He was of good family on both sides, and his 

 matenml uncle, Sir Lionel Cranfield, became Earl 

 of Middlesex ; his father held office as a secretary 

 of state and comptroller of the household under 

 James I., and was made privy-councillor by 

 Charles I. Suckling may have been at West- 

 minster, as Aubrey says, but certain it is that in 

 1623 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, five 

 years later went on his travels abroad, and served 

 for some time in Germany under Gustavus Adol- 

 phus. He returned alxmt 1632, and soon became 

 'the darling of the court,' distinguished before all 

 by his wit and prodigality. An inveterate gambler, 

 he spent his days and nights at cards and bowls, 

 his intervals divided betwixt gallantry and verse- 

 making. In April 1635 he appeareu before the 

 Star-chamber for breaking the statute passed in 

 the eighth year of Charles to require all land- 

 owners to spend some time on their estates. To 

 aid the king against the Scots he raised a troop of 

 100 horse, and equipped them so handsomely that 

 it is said to have cost him about 12,000. They 

 rode north with the king, but shared the shame of 

 the rout before the Scots at Duns. The lampoon 

 by Sir John Mennes has commemorated the 

 cowardice of Suckling and his gay cavaliers, hut 

 in reality they behaved no worse than the rest of 

 the royal army. Suckling was returned to the 

 Long Parliament for Brander, joined in the abor- 

 tive plot to rescue Strafford from the Tower, and 

 in more desperate plots still against the liberties 

 of the kingdom by means of French and Irish 

 troops, and his schemes being discovered he fled 

 for safety to the Continent. Impoverished and 

 disgraced, it is almost certain that he poisoned 



