784 



SUFFOLK 



SUFISM 



(q.v.); and Coprolites (q.v.) are raised in the 

 region between Ipswich and Woodbridge, gun- 



Hints at Brandon. Agriculture, despite the depres- 

 sion of late years, still forms the staple industry, 

 780,000 acres being under cultivation. A red polled 

 breed of cattle, of which the cows are deservedly held 

 in high esteem, is peculiar to the county ; and its 

 nigs, some black and others white, are also widely 

 known. Horse-breeding too, apart from the racing 

 establishments ut Newmarket, is a specialty, a 

 large export trade Iteing carried on in lioth riding 

 and cart horses ; and immense quantities of lambs 

 blackfaced, and a cross l>etween the Norfolk- 

 honied knd the Southdown are raised. The 

 manufactures are noticed under Ipswich (the 

 capital), Beccles, Stowmarket, and Sudbury, these 

 Mng. with Bury St Edmunds, Lowestoft, and 

 Woodbridge, the most important towns. Con- 

 taining 21 hundreds and 517 civil parishes in the 

 dioceses of Norwich and Ely, its parliamentary 

 divisions are live in numlier, each returning one 

 member, and it has two county councils, one for 

 the eastern and the other for the western district. 

 The assizes are held alternately at Ipswich and 

 Bury St Edmunds. 



The history of Suffolk, presumably from its 

 lying somewhat off the beaten track, presents but 

 few facts deserving of special mention ; prior to 

 the Conquest it was in common with the rest of 

 East Anglia (of which it formed part) ofttimes 

 overrun and pillaged by the Norsemen, whilst of 

 incidents of later date it will suffice to mention the 

 descent of Flemish mercenaries under the Earl of 

 Leicester in 1173 in support of the claims of Henry 

 II. 's eldest son, culminating in their defeat at 

 Fornham, near Bury St Edmunds ; and the sea- 

 fights off Lowestoft (1665) and Southwold (1671). 

 In antiquities the county is especially rich, and 

 amongst them may l>e noted the ruins of the 

 castles of Burgh (Roman), Framlingham, Orford, 

 and Wlagfold (the last the place of Charles 

 d'Orleans' imprisonment); the gatehouse of But- 

 ley Priory (Norman); earthworks at Fornham, 

 Haughley, Nacton, and Snape ; the fine flint- 

 work churches scattered throughout the county, of 

 which perhaps the best examples are those of 

 Blythburgh, Lavenham, Melford, Southwold, 

 Stoke-by-Nayland, and Walberswick ; and the 

 old halls (many of them moated) of Helniingham, 

 Parham, Hetigrave, Kushbrooke, Ickworth, Som- 

 erleyton, Giffords, and West Stow. Of Suffolk 

 worthies (exclusive of those named under Ipswich 

 and Bury St Edmunds) the best known are Bishops 

 Grogseteste, Aungerville, and liale ; Archhi-hop 

 Sancroft ; Chief -justices Glanvill and Cavendish ; 

 George Cavendish (Wolsey's biographer); Nash, 

 Crabbe, and Hubert Bloomlielil (poets); Sir 

 Simonds D'Ewes; the Earl of Arlington, Roger 

 North, Capell (the Shakespeare commentator); 

 Gainsborough, Frost, Constable, and Bright 

 (artists); Bunbtiry (the caricaturist), Edwards 

 (the etcher), Woolner (the sculptor), Lord Chan- 

 rellor Thurlow, Arthur Young, Clara Reeve, Mrs 

 Inchhald, Kirby (the naturalist), .lohn Hookliam 

 Fr.-re, Cnibb Robinson, Sir Philip Broke, William 

 .loliiison Fox, Professor John Austin and his 

 brother Charles, Admirals Fitzroy anil Rons, Dr 

 Kmith, Professors Maurice and Cowell. Edward 

 Fitzgerald. Sii .1. I). H.H.ker, Sir Henry Thompson, 

 Agnes Strickland, and Miss Betham Edwards. 



See works by Kirby (2d ed. 1764), Callum (1813), 

 Otege (1838), Pge (1844), Suckling 12 vols. 1840-48), 

 Glyde ( 1858 and 1866 ), Bayne* ( 2 vol. 1873 ), Taylor 

 (1887), White (newed. 1891), Raven (WIG) ; Exturiiimt 

 in thf County oj Suffolk ( 2 vol.. 1818- 19 ) ; and n article 

 in the Quarterly for April 1887. 



KllflraKan (Lat., 'assistant'), in England a 

 coadjutor-bishop appointed to assist a bishop in the 



administration of some part of his see : such bishops 



cannot succeed to the see in which they have l>een 

 suffragans. The name also, and originally, Mongs 

 to all bishops in a province, as expressing their 

 relation of subordination to the metropolitan. 



Suffrage. See, PAKMAMKNT, RKK<:M. 



Siill'rrn. Pierre Andre de Snffren Saint- 

 Tropes, a French naval hero, was liorn a younger 

 son of a good Provence family, July 17, 1721I. At 

 fourteen lie entered the navy, and first saw fire in 

 the indecisive action with the English oil Toulon 

 in 1744. He took part in the unsuccessful attempt 

 to recapture Cape Breton (1746), was captured by 

 Hawke in the Bay of Biscay the next year, Ini'i 

 soon exchanged, and after the peace went "to Malta 

 and served for six years amongst the Knights 

 Hospitallers. Again in the French service, he 

 took part in the action off Minorca (May 1756), 

 was again captured in Boscawen's destruction of 

 the Ton Ion fleet (1759), after the peace of 1763 

 cruised in the Mediterranean for the protection of 

 trade, and took part in the bombardment of Sallee 

 in 1765. Commander in I7(i7, lie served four years 

 in the service of Malta, and returned to France to 

 the rank of captain in 1772. Early in 1777 he 

 sailed to America, and his ship l>egan the indecisive 

 battle of Grenada on 6th July 1779. He next served 

 with the allied fleet blockading Gibraltar, and 

 early in 1781 was placed in command of a squadron 

 of five ships for service in the East Indies. After 

 an action at the Cape Verd Islands, he outsailed 

 Commodore Johiistone to the Cape, and so saved 

 the colony for the time. Sailing to Madras, he 

 fought a hard but indecisive battle oil' Sadras, and 

 soon after, in a bloody two days' battle till I'm- 

 vidien on the coast of Ceylon, proved himself a 

 consummate master of naval tactics. But he had 

 to struggle against scurvy, want of supplies, and, 

 still worse, the disaffection and cowardice of his 

 senior officers. Having captured Trincomalee, he 

 two days later stood out of the harbour with fifteen 

 ships against the English twelve, and fought a 

 hard but irregular battle. His last fight (June 

 1783) was also indecisive. Suffren arrived in Paris 

 early in 1784, and was received with the greatest 

 honours, and created vice-admiral of France. He 

 died suddenly at Paris, 8th December 1788, most 

 probably of apoplexy, to which his extreme corpu- 

 lence made him subject. Frenchmen give the 

 Bailli de Suffren (he had l>een made Bailli of the 

 Order of Malta) the most exaggerated praises, and 

 Professor Laugh ton styles him 'one of the most 

 dangerous enemies the English fleets have ever 

 met, and without exception the most illustrious 

 officer that has ever held command in the French 

 navy. 1 See Laughton's Studies in Naval Histvru 

 (1887). 



Snfisin. a form of mysticism within Islam. The 

 Koran is unfavourable to nnsiicisni, for it tells of 

 a God perfectly distinct from the world and from 

 the souls of men, who has decreed from all eternity 

 the lot of every |>erson, and who is to lie pleased 

 with outward rites and conduct. Sufic mysticism 

 lias come into Islam through Persia, where, under 

 the influence of Indian Buddhism, its pantln i 

 ideas existed before the Mohammedan conquest. 

 Silfis claim as their founder the woman Habia, 

 whose grave on a hill east from Jerusalem drew 

 many pilgrims in the middle ages. Hut that dis- 

 inetion rather belongs to Abu Said ibn Abil- 

 3hair, a Persian of Khorassan, who, notwithstand- 

 ng the saying of Mohammed that there is no 

 iionkerv in Islam, founded a monastery about 815. 

 His followers were called Sftfts or Woollers from 

 their ascetic garb. A contemplative life soon 

 mturally sought in Pantheism that rest for the 

 leart which it could not find in the distant, unsym- 



