792 



SI I. HI. MAN PASHA 



SULLA 



4000: (1872) 13,318; (1881) 27,389; (1895)29,500. 

 OKI Snkkur, about a mile away, has a good many 

 old tombs in its immediate vicinity. 



Snlrimnil Pasha, TiirkiiOi general, wan born 

 in Kimnu'lia in 1838, entered tin- Turkish army in 

 1854, fought in Montenegro, Crete, anil Yeim'ii 

 between that date nnl 1*7~>, and in tlic intervals of 

 peace taught i" th'' Militaiy Academy at Con- 

 -tantinople. ami finally presided over it as director. 

 Hi- greatly cRstdngni*ned himself as a corps com- 

 mander tnlmt the Servians in 1876, and was in 

 1877 nominated governor of Bosnia and Herze- 

 govina. When the Russians declared war (1ST, I 

 against Turkey Suleiman checked them at Kski 

 /agra, and destroyed his army in heroic but vain 

 attempts to force them from the Shinka Pass. In 

 October he was appointed conimander-in-chief of 

 the army of the Danulte, but failed to accomplish 

 anything, retreated In-hind the Balkans, and 

 suffered defeat near Philippopolis (January 1878). 

 He was condemned to be degraded and imprisoned 

 for fifteen years. The sultan pardoned him, and 

 he died at 'Ballad llth August 1892. Personally 

 brave, he seems to have been a corrupt and design- 

 ing traitor. 



Siiliiuaii or SULAIMAN HILLS, a monntain- 

 range upwards of 3.50 miles in length, running in a 

 straight line from north to south, and forming the 

 hi-toric Ixiiiiularv between Afghanistan and the 

 Punjab, India, the highest summit of the range, 

 Takht i-Sulaiman (Solomon's Throne), 11,295 feet 

 high, was first ascended by a European, Major 

 Holdich, in 1883. The general appearance of the 

 range is rocky, precipitous, and bare of trees. 



Siilina. one of the lower branches of the 

 Danube (q.v. ). The town of Snlina, on its south 

 bank and near its mouth, has a lighthouse and 

 5000 inhabitant*. Bombarded by the Russians in 

 1877, it has been a free port since 1879. 



Sllliotcs, a tribe who inhabited the valley 

 of the ancient Acheron, in the Pashalik of Janina 

 (Epirvs) in European Turkey, are a mixed race, 

 being partly of Hellenic anil partly of Allwnian 

 origin. They are the descendants of a number of 

 families who fled from their Turkish oppressors to 

 the mountains of Suli (whence they derive their 

 name) near Parga during the 17th century. In 

 this corner of the Turkish empire they prospered, 

 and towards the close of the 18th century mini 

 bered 560 families, inhabiting 90 hamlets. For 

 several years they heroically resisted the attempts 

 of the Turks to deprive them of their independence. 

 But vanquished at length ( 1803), they retreated to 

 the Ionian Islandx, where they remained till 1820, 

 when AH Paslm, finding himself hard pressed by 

 the Turks, invoked their aid. The Suliotes, eager 

 to return to their home, threw in their lot with 

 him, but were ultimately forced to surrender their 

 stronghold of Suli to the Turks, and again to flee 

 from their country. About. 3000 of them took 

 refuge in Cephalonia. though large numliers pre- 

 ferred to skulk in the neighbouring mountains. 

 Though they 'ook A glorious part in the war of 

 Creek independence, their country wits not included 

 by the treaty of 1829, nor by the extension of 1881, 

 within the Creek iMiuinlnry line. Nevertheless 

 most of them established themselves in Creece, 

 where their leaders were raised to important office-. 

 See Perrhaelios' Hitlory of Suli and 1'iinjii ( 1815 ; 

 Kng. Iran- IH-23). 



Sulla, LUCIUS CoRXKl.irs, surnamed by him- 

 elf FELIX, a scion of the illustrious house of 

 the Cornell!, wax liorn in 138 B.C. His limited 

 patrimony was sufficient to secure him a good e.ln 

 cation, and his youth wax spent not more in the 

 pur-nit of pleasure than in the study of the Creek 

 ind Roman authors. The liberality of bin step- 



mot her increased his slender means, and enabled 

 him to aspire to the honours of the state. A 

 i|ua-stor in KI7 under Mai in- in Africa he crowned 

 a series of ini|M>rtant successes by inducing Bocchns, 

 tin- Mauritania!! king, to surrender Jugurtha, whom 

 he brought in chain- to the lioman camp (100). 

 The war of the Cimhri and Teiitone- ( KM KH > saw 

 Sulla again serving under Marius. whose jealousy, 

 however, drove him to take a command under the 

 other consul, Quintus Catnlus. In 93 he wan 

 pra-tor, and in 92 propra-tor in Cilicia. when- the 

 senate sent him with special orders to restore 

 Arioliai/ane- to the throne of Cappadocia, from 

 which he had been expelled by Mitlnidates. Alter 

 achieving a complete success, Sulla relumed to 

 Italy in 91. The private hatred of Marius and 

 Sulla began now to take on a political aspect, as 

 the aristocratic tendencies of the latter grew promi- 

 nent. Their long-smouldering animosity was on 

 the point of bursting forth, when the breaking out 

 of the Social War hushed all private qumC for 

 the time. The aged Marius had now the deep 

 mortification of finding his military achievements- 

 thrown into the shade oy the brilliant successes of 

 his rival. The expectations of Marius were dashed 

 to the ground when the senate liestowed on Sulla, 

 after his consulship in 88, supreme command in the 

 Miihridatic war. Marius rushed headlong into 

 treason and civil strife. Then followed the ex- 

 pulsion of Sulla from Home, his triumphant return 

 at the head of his devoted legions, the overthrow 

 of the Marian party, and the first proscription. By 

 the beginning of 87 Sulla was able to embark for 

 the East. During the four years he spent there he 

 won the victories of Chirronea (86) and Orcho- . 

 menus (84) against Archelaux, the general of Mith- 

 ridates. Next he crossed the Hellespont, crushed 

 Fimbria, who had obtained the command of the 

 army sent out by the Marian party (which, in 

 Sulla's absence, had again got the upper hand in 

 Italy), forced Mithridates to sue for peace, then 

 sailed for Italy and landed at Brundusiiim (83). 

 The victory over the Samnites and Lucanians at the 

 'ol line gate brought the struggle to a close (82), 

 and Sulla was now master of Koine and Italy. 

 Then followed his dictatorship, and the period of 

 the proscriptions ( 81 ) a virtual reign of terror, in 

 which of senators were slain perhaps from one to 

 two hundred, of knights between two and three 

 thousand. During the next two years several 

 very important constitutional reforms were carried, 

 mostly reactionary, and tending to increase the 

 authority of the senate. The restoration of the 

 I mill-in to the senate, the abolition of the functions 

 of the comitia Iributa, the withdrawal from the 

 tribunes of the right to summon the comitia, the 

 doubling of the numlier of the senate, the annual 

 election of twenty c|ii;estors, the enactments that 

 no man should be pnetor without having been 

 ipia'stor, or consul without having been pnctor, 

 and that trilnini /ilrliix should ! eligible for no 

 other office, the institution of i//r.7/>/r.v without 

 appeal confined to special classes of crimes these 

 were some of the provisions of a legislation, with a 

 few exceptions, doomed to fall within ten j- 

 In 7!> Sulla resigned the dictatorship and retiiel 

 to his estate at Puteoli, where, surrounded by 

 buffoons and dancers, he indulged to the last in 

 every sensnal excess of which hi- exhausted frame 

 wa- capable. He died in 78, at the age of sixty. 

 His monument in the Campus Martins bore an 

 inscription, attributed to Sulla himself, which said 

 that none of his friends ever did him a kindness, 

 and none of his foes a wrong, without being largely 

 reunited. 



Sulla's manners were haughty and morose, 

 though not devoid of a certain sensibility, for he 

 was easily moved, it is said, even to tears, by a 



