SULLIVAN 



SULLY 



793 



tale of sorrow. His keen observation enabled him 

 to see in young Caesar, in spite of a careless temper 

 and dissipated habits, what would yet prove ' more 

 than one Marius.' His eyes, we are told, were of 

 a piercing blue, and his complexion was disfigured 

 by pimples and blotches, compared by the raillery 

 of the Greeks to a mulberry sprinkled with meal. 



Sullivan, SIR ARTHUR SEYMOUR, was born 

 in London, 13th May 1842. He studied music 

 under Sterndale Bennett and Goss, and at Leipzig, 

 and had his music to The Tempest performed at 

 the Crystal Palace in 1862. He then produced 

 the cantata Kenilworth in 1864, the overtures In 

 Memoriam (1866), Marmion (1867), and Di Hallo 

 ( 1869), the oratorios Tlie Prodigal Son (1868) and 

 The Light of the World (1873), a Festival Te 

 Deum for the Prince of Wales's recovery in 1872, 

 and at Leeds in 1880 and 1886 The Martyr of 

 Antioch and The Golden Legend. To the general 

 public, however, he is better known by his hymn 

 tunes, his songs, and still more his tuneful and 

 popular operas and operettas. The latter began 

 with Cox and Box in 1866, and include the long 

 list given already in the article on W. S. Gilbert 

 (q.v.) ; they are notable for an orchestration full of 

 subtle and humorous touches that render his operas 

 of special interest to musicians. The fertility and 

 technical resource squandered on these productions 

 were devoted to higher work in the grand opera of 

 Ivanhoe ( 1891 ). He was the first principal ( 1876- 

 81 ) of the National Training School for Music, was 

 made Mus. Doc. of Cambridge in 1876 and of Oxford 

 in 1879, received the Legion of Honour in 1878, and 

 in 1883 was knighted. He died 22d November 

 1900, and was buned in St Paul's. 



Sullivan, BARRY, tragedian, born at Birming- 

 ham in 1824, first appeared at Cork in 1840, played 

 at Edinburgh and elsewhere, and at the Haymarket 

 in London as Hamlet in February 1852. He visited 

 America in 1857-60, and Australia in 1861-66. He 

 was afterwards for a while lessee of the Holborn 

 Theatre ; but he was more popular in the provinces, 

 especially in Ireland and the west of England. He 

 died at Brighton, 3d May 1891. 



Sully, MAXIMILIEN DE BETHUNE, DUKE OF, 

 the famous minister of Henry IV. of France, was 

 the second of the four sons of Francois, Baron de 

 Rosny, and was born at the chateau of Rosny 

 near Mantes, 13th December 1560. At an early 

 age he was committed to the care of Henry of 

 Navarre, head of the Huguenot party, narrowly 

 escaped the St Bartholomevy massacre (1572), and 

 accompanied Henry in his flight from court ( 1576). 

 He took an active part in the war, had command 

 of the artillery at Coutras (1587), and helped 

 materially to decide the victory. He reached 

 I vry bat an hour and a half before the battle, but 

 was fortunate enough, though severely wounded, 

 to capture the white standard with black crosses of 

 Mayenne. He approved of the king's politic con- 

 version, and throughout the whole of the reign 

 remained his most trusted counsellor. His first 

 task was to repair the ruinous finances of the 

 realm, and to this gigantic labour he gave him- 

 self with an energy and persistence that entitle 

 him to rank with Richelieu and Colbert among 

 the few great ministers of France. Before his 

 time not half the nominal sum raised from taxes 

 reached the treasury, the whole administration 

 being an organised system of pillage ; but 

 Rosny made a tour through the provinces armed 

 with absolute authority, personally examined the 

 accounts, discovered the actual delinquents, and 

 dismissed or suspended them, besides compelling 

 them to disgorge their ill-gotten gains into the 

 treasury. All this he effected with iron rigidity 

 and persistence, heedless of the clamour and 



hatred of all the army of dishonest tax-gatherers 

 and revenue-farmers, however high in station. In 

 1596, according to Henri Martin, the disposable 

 revenue of the state was but nine millions of livres ; 

 in 1609 it was no less than about twenty millions, 

 with a surplus as great in the treasury, and the 

 arsenals and fleet besides in an excellent state of 

 equipment. He brought actual order out of chaos, 

 and would have done yet more for France but for 

 the vast expenditure of the pleasure-loving king 

 and his mistresses. Yet Sully was no far-seeing or 

 philosophical financier, but only a dexterous master 

 of expedients. He made no great innovations, but, 

 if not a genius of creation, he was undoubtedly one 

 of order. He distrusted manufactures as a source 

 of prosperity, his main economic ideas summed up 

 in his well-known aphorism, ' Labourage et patur- 

 age sont les deux mamelles qui nourissent la 

 France.' His own honesty has been impugned 

 by hasty writers, but, even if he himself grew rich 

 in his years of office, there is absolutely no proof 

 that he ever robbed his master. 



In February 1601 he became grand-master of the 

 artillery, and in March 1606 he was created Duke 

 of Sully. After the assassination of his master he 

 was forced to resign the superintendence of finance, 

 but was allowed to retain the care of the woods and 

 the artillery, and was even presented by Marie de 

 Medicis with a reward of 300,000 livres. But his 

 reign was at an end, and ere long he retired to his 

 estate, surviving till December 22, 1641. In his 

 retirement his Memoirs were compiled by his. 

 secretaries, and submitted to him, being actually 

 composed in the awkward and tedious fashion 

 of a narrative addressed to himself. Here natur- 

 ally his own actions are put in the most favourable 

 light ; yet, although the judicious student will by 

 no means accept the whole as completely historical, 

 the work remains a document of priceless value for 

 the reign of Henry IV. Chapter vi., treating of the 

 remorse of Charles IX. after St Bartholomew, 

 was copied from an earlier MS., doubtless entirely 

 Sully's own work, and is an admirable example of 

 direct and vigorous writing. The first and second 

 folio volumes were printed under Sully's own eye 

 (undated, but really in 1634) ; the third and fourth 

 volumes were printed at Paris in 1662. These last 

 contain the famous scheme of the countries of 

 Europe, with the exception of Russia and Turkey, 

 grouped into a grand Christian republic of fifteen 

 states, kept in equilibrium by the magnificent 

 chimera of an international Amphictyonic Assem- 

 bly, with a rational rearrangement of boundaries 

 and toleration for different faiths. The scheme is 

 no doubt a dream of Sully's rather than Henry's 

 brain, although it may well be that its germ may 

 have been found in the careless talk of the king 

 with his trusted minister as they paced together 

 the broad walk of the Arsenal gardens. 



Sully was a harsh and unamiable man, of vast 

 self-esteem and little humour ; but his unpopularity 

 was a natural enough fruit of his inflexibility of 

 principle, and his devotion to the interests of 

 France and the person of his king it is absolutely 

 impossible to gainsay. 



The full title of his work is its best description : 

 ' Memoires des sages et royales Economies d'etat, do- 

 mestiques, politiques et mUitaires de Henri le Grand, 

 1'exemplaire des rois, le prince des vertus, des arnies, et 

 dea lois, et le pere en effet de ses peuples francois ; Et 

 des Servitudes utiles, obeissances convenables et adminis- 

 trations loyales de Maximilian de Bethune, 1'un des plus 

 confidents familiers et utiles soldats et serviteurs du 

 rand Mars des Francois ; Dedies a la France, a tons les 

 bons soldats et tous peuples francois.' 



Marbault, secretary of Sully's chief rival, Du Plessis- 

 Mornay, wrote a severe criticism on the Memoires the 

 Foundation of the unhistorical and calumnious article on 

 Sully in the Historiettet of Tallemant des lieaux. The 



