f>02 



Sl'MITt A1IV I,A\VS 



STN 



drww, and private exj>enditiire. They alMiuml in 

 ancient legislation. The I/ocrian (gfawtOT, /alcn- 

 cus. 450 H. r., ordained that milmdy -hould drink 

 undiluted wiiH'; and in Solon 'ficoile tnere were many 

 sumptuary enactments At an early period in 

 Itoinan history the <Vn>i>. to whom was entrusted 

 I In' superintendence of |iu)ilic Hint private morality, 

 puni.shed with the iint'iliii rfnmria all persons 

 guilty of InxnrioiiH living : hut as the love of 

 luxury grew with the increase of wealth ami 

 foreign conquest various legislative enactments 

 were passed with the object of restraining it. 

 Tin- l.cx Orchia, 187 B.C., limited the number of 

 guests to be present at a feast ; the Lex Fiiiinia, 

 lt;i B.C., regulated the cost of entertainments. 

 There were also the Lex Didia. Lucretia, Cornelia, 

 .Kmilia, ami others, must <if them passed in con- 

 sequence of the practical disregard of the similar 

 laws that had preceded them ; but they all seem 

 to have been habitually transgressed in the later 

 times of the Republic. Julius Cnesar, Augustus, 

 and other rulers also made laws against luxury. 



Sumptuary laws were in great favour in the 

 legislation of England from the time of Edward 1 1. 

 down to the Reformation. Statute 10 Edward III. 

 chap. 3 narrates that 'through the excessive and 

 over-many costly meats which the people of this 

 realm have used more than elsewhere many mis- 

 chiefs have happened ; for the great men by these 

 excesses have been sore grieved, and the lesser 

 people, who only endeavour to imitate the great 

 ones in such sorts of meat, are much impoverished, 

 whereby they are not able to aid themselves, nor 

 their liege lord, in time of need as they ought, and 

 many other evils have happened as well to their 

 souls as their bodies;' ami enacts that no man, of 

 whatever condition or estate, shall be allowed more 

 than two courses at dinner or supper, or more than 

 two kinds of food in each course, except on the 

 principal festivals of the year, when three courses 

 at the utmost are to be allowed. All who did not 

 enjoy a free estate of 100 per annum were pro- 

 hibited from wearing furs, skins, or silk, and the 

 use of foreign cloth was allowed to the royal family 

 alone. Act 37 Edward III. declares that the out- 

 rageous and excessive apparel of divers people 

 against their estate and degree is the destruction 

 and impoverishment of the land, and prescribes 

 the apparel of the various classes into which it 

 distributes the people; it goes no higher than 

 knights, but there are minute regulations for the 

 clothing of women and children. This statute, 

 however, was re|>ealcd the next year. In France 

 there were sumptuary laws as old as Charlemagne, 

 prohibiting or taxing tlm use of furs ; but the first 

 . extensive attempt to restrict extravagance in dress 

 was under I'hilip IV. My an edict of Charles VI. 

 no one was allowed to exceed a soup ami two dishes 

 at dinner. Frederick the Great and other German 

 princes endeavoured to suppress the use of coffee 

 as a harmful luxury. Sumptuary laws continued 

 to lie introduced in England in the 16th, in France 

 as late as the ITtli century : ami burial in woollen, 

 pi.-.;rileil by English law from HITS till 1H15. was 

 akin to them, though its primary object was to 

 lessen the importation of linen. The Scolti-h 



Iiarliament attempted to regulate, the dress of the 

 adies, to save the purses of the ' puir gentlemen 

 theii husbands ami fathers;' and statutes were 

 ptixKcd against suiM-rfluotu luui<|iicting, and the in- 

 ordinate use of foreign spices ' hrocht from the 

 pairts Imyond sea, and saiild at dear prices to 

 Minnie folk that are very mialiill to sustain that 

 coaste.' Neither in England, Scotland, nor France 

 In the.se laws apjioar to have been practically 

 observed to any great extent : in fact, the kings 

 of France and 'England contributed far more, by 

 their love of pageantry, to excite a taste for luxury 



among their subjects than by their ordinances to 

 lepic-s it. Fronde has suggested that such statute* 

 mav have been regarded, at the time \\hcn they 

 weie i ued, rather as authoritative declarations of 

 what wi.-c and good men considered light than as 

 laws to which oliedieiice could lie enforced. En- 

 actments of this kind have long U-cn considered to 

 lie op)Mised to the principles of political economy. 

 M-i-t of the English sumptuary laws were repealed 

 by 1 James I. chap. 2."> ; but regulations of a 

 similar kind survive in the university statute- 

 Oxford and Cambridge. There is a trace of the 

 same principle in the pic-cut day taxation of 

 luxuries wine and spirits, tobacco, tea. and coffee 

 (though mainly with a view to regulating the 

 incidence of the tax >, and in the duties on male 

 servants, armorial licarings, &o. And one r< 

 sometimes urged for the suppression of the Honor 

 tratlic is the diminution thereby to Is- effected in 

 wanton waste and pernicious luxury. In Monte 

 negro strong laws were passed in iss:t against 

 gloves, umbrellas, and non-national costumes. 



Siimlrr. FORT (named after General Thomas 

 Slimier, 1734-1N32, an active partisan leader of 

 the revolutionary war), an American fort asso- 

 ciated with Imth the beginning and the end of the 

 civil war, was built of brick, in the form of a 

 truncated pentagon 38 feet high, on a shoal, partly 

 artificial, in Charleston Harbour, 34 miles from the 

 city. On the secession of South Carolina in Decem- 

 ber 1 Slit I. Major Anderson, in command of the 

 defences of the harbour, abandoned the other forts, 

 ami occupied Fort Siimter, mounting sixty-two 

 guns, with a garrison of some eighty men. The 

 attack on the fort was opened by General Bean 

 regard on April 12, 1861, and it surrendered on the 

 14th : this event marked the beginning of the war. 

 The Confederates strengthened it, and added ten 

 guns and four mortars. In Apiil isii." an attack 

 by a fleet of monitors failed. In July batteiies 

 were erected on Morris Island, aliout 4000 yards 

 off, from which in a week 5000 projectiles, weigh- 

 ing from 100 to 300 lb., were burled against tin- 

 fort; at the end of that time it was silenced and 

 in part demolished. Yet the garrison held on amid 

 the ruins, and in September beat off a naval attack ; 

 and in spite of a forty days' bombardment in Octo- 

 ber-Decemlier 1S(!3, and f'or still longer in July and 

 August 1864, it was not till after the evacuation 

 of Charleston itself, owing to the operations of 

 General Sherman, that the garrison retired, and 

 the United States flag was again raised, April 14, 

 1865; an event soon followed by the evacuation of 

 Kichmond and the Confederate surrender. 



Sn IH> . a town of Russia, 125 miles by rail NW. 

 of Kharkoff. 1'op. 15,831. 



Sun, the star which warms, governs, and illum- 

 inates the earth and the other liodies forming 

 the Solar System. My the patient etlm i 

 astronomers and physicists u. vast liody of know- 

 ledge, of which here we can but give the outline. 

 has licen gained regarding it. For convenience we 

 condense such of this information as admits of the 

 neat ..... nt into the subjoined table. 



( *>. 

 a. unity] Jg 



*** 



Diameter (apparent angular) ................... \Mtn 31' Sf-0 



Ma ............................ I 



[Earth-, 



K. ,r.-- . if gravity at surface ....... ) 



P.Ti.nl .-f rotation on axis ........... 26 days 7 hours 48 minute* 



lin-liiiatlnn of axil to plane of ecliptic (1860) ............. SST 48 



\vl.K-lty of rotation at equator .............. 4*07 mllM per hour 



Umgltodi of ji..li' of equator (1850) ...................... 78 4V 



Sill-fan- in nqimrr miles ........................ a,S88.621,+,000 



Kn.-n.-y radiated from each square foot of thia surface ( Stokes > 



= 12,000 lnirsi-|niW-.-r 



