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SUNDKW 



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they spoken in Sumlerlaml ? ' anil when told that 

 this nobleman got all the money of the court. In- 

 would reply: 'Ho deserves it.' ' Yet we tinii him 

 about tliis tinif in MnWpaad0BM with William of 

 Orange. With profligate but masterly dextciin 

 he contrived to Meaira lioth James and Baiilkn, 

 and to keep them in ignorance of the events that 

 were passing in Holland. Wln-n Willinm arrived 

 in England Sunderland went to Amsterdam, 

 whence he wrote to the new monarch, claiming his 

 favour and protection on the ground that h had 

 all along been in hi- interest. In 1001 he was 

 allowed to return to England, and to kiss the 

 king's hand ; in 1695 William spent a week at 

 his house at Althorp. He had changed, it was 

 said, his religion, in the late reign, in order tin- 

 more effectually to ruin King James ; and it was 

 generally believed that he hod rendered King 

 William, when Prince of Orange, some signal ser- 

 vices, which no one else could have done. This 

 belief gained credit from the favour now shown 

 him. He was made Lord Chamlierlain, and as 

 such took his seat at the head of the council table. 

 After directing affairs as the acknowledged hea<l of 

 the government, ho resigned office in 1697, and 

 retired to Althorp, where he died, 28th Septomlier 

 1702. By his wife. Anne, daughter of the second 

 Earl of Bristol, he left <'IIU;MS SI-KNCKI:. third 

 earl, who was born in 1675, and whom Evelyn 

 describes as a youth of extraordinary hopes, very 

 learned for his age, and ingenious. 1'rom 1706 to 

 1710 he was Secretary of State in the reign of 

 Queen Anne, and under George I. he rose to l>e 

 all-powerful ; but in 1721, l>eing accused of receiv- 

 ing 50,000 worth of the fictitious stock distiilnited 

 by the directors of the South Sea Scheme (q.v.), in 

 order to bribe the government, he was acquitted 

 only by an inconsiderable majority and that from 

 party considerations, and the indignation of the 

 public made him resign his office. He died on 

 19th April 1722, not without suspicion of having 

 intrigued, after his fall, for the restoration of the 

 Tories, if not for the return of the Pretender. 

 Sunderland was a type of the political morality, 

 or rather immorality, of a disgraceful age, when 

 the greatest statesmen made no scruple of sacrific- 

 ing cither their own party or the interests and 

 dignity of the nation to personal ambition. His 

 title descended to Charles, his second sun. who 

 succeeding in 1733 to the honours of his maternal 

 grandfather, John Churchill, the earldom of Sunder- 

 land became almorbed in the dukedom of Marl- 

 borough. The third son, John, was father of the 

 first Earl Spencer (q.v.). 



Sundew. See INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS. 



Sun-dial. See DIAL. 



Slllldsvnll. a seaport of Sweden, on a ly 

 of the Gulf of Bothnia, 80 miles X. by W. of 

 Stockholm, and 290 miles by rail E. by S. from 

 Trondhjem in Norway, has ironworks and saw- 

 mills, and a large trade in iron and timber. Pop. 

 (1890) 13,780. The town was almost entirely de- 

 stroyed by tire in 1888. 



Sunflsh (Ort/iofioritciu), a genus of pelagic 

 fishes of the family Diodontidte (see GLOBE-KISH), 

 having the body compressed, and not capable <>f 

 inflation, as in the other Diodontida- ; abruptly 

 terminating in a very short tail ; the dorsal anil 

 anal lins long and pointed, united to the short tail- 

 fin : the jaws undivided in the mid. lie, and com- 

 paratively feeble, and furnished with a cutting 

 edge of lione instead of teeth. The total number 

 of vertebra is seventeen, and the spinal cord is 

 merely a short appendage of the brain. The s|>ecies 

 are found in every part of the oceans within the 

 tropical and temperate zones. The young undergo 

 remarkable changes. The food consists of small 



Short Sunfish ( Orthagoritcut mola ). 



pelagic Crustacea. The Short or Rough Sunlish 

 (0. mola), found frequently on the south coasts 

 of Kngland and Ireland, when young is almost 

 perfectly round, but liecomes rather more elongated 

 when full grown. The name Sunlish is variously 

 regarded as derived from the form of the lish and 

 from its habit 

 of floating at 

 the surface of 

 the water, in 

 line weather, 

 as if to enjoy 

 the sunshine. 

 It attains a 

 large size, 

 being some- 

 times 7 or 8 

 feet long, and 

 is captured 

 by sailors. 

 Its skin is 

 rough and 

 minutely 

 granular. Its 

 flesh is white 

 and well 

 flavoured, 

 somewhat re- 

 sembling that 

 of the skate. 

 The liver yields a large quantity of oil, which is 

 in repute among sailors as an external applica- 

 tion tor the cure of sprains, rheumatism. &c. The 

 Oblong Sunlish (0. trunaitiis), of which specimens 

 have also been taken on the British roast.", but 

 more rarely, is of a longer form. It also attains a 

 large size. It has a smooth tesselated skin, and is 

 one of the rarest fishes in collections. 



Sunflower (Helianthns), a genus of plants of 

 the natural order Composite, sub-order of Corymhi- 

 fern-, having large flowers ; the florets of the ray 

 strap-shaped, without stamens or pistils, yellow or 

 orange ; the florets of the disc tubular,' ]>erfect, 

 yellow or purplish brown ; the flowers solitary or 

 in corymbs, with an involucre of numerous leaves ; 

 the fruit compressed, with a pappus of two or more 

 deciduous scales. The species are numerous, all 

 natives of America ; 

 large herbaceous plants, 

 with opposite or some- 

 times alternate un- 

 divided leaves. The 

 Annual Sunflower (H. 

 animus), common in 

 flower - gardens, is a 

 native of tropical 

 America, where it some- 

 times attains a height 

 of 20 feet. The stem 

 is thick and rough ; the 

 flowers solitary, and 

 from 1 foot to 2 feet in 

 diameter, nodding ; the 

 leaves heart-shaped- 

 ovate. This plant is 

 now cultivated in 

 almost all parts of the 

 world, and in the south 

 of Europe is sometimes 

 a field-crop, the seeds 

 being valued as food 

 for cattle and poultry, 

 and on account of the 

 oil which they yield, 

 which is little inferior 



to olive-oil. An acre of good land produces about 

 fifty bushels of seed, each bushel yielding a gallon 

 of oil. The seeds are also used like almonds for 



Sunflower 

 (llrlianlhia multiflonu). 



