8URICATE 



SURREY 



819 



Walther, Chelius, Langenbeck ( already mentioned ), 

 Stromeyer, Graefe, and Dieffenbach in Germany ; 

 Kern, Pitha, and Linhart in Austria ; Pirogoff and 

 Szymanovsky in Russia. Anatomico-patliological 

 mnseumsand clinical instruction, displayingawealth 

 in object-lessons impossible before, are among tbe 

 chief causes of the perfection to which tbe surgical 

 profession is rapidly attaining. Add to these the 

 introduction of anaesthetics, of the antiseptic liga- 

 ture and dressing, of the galvano-cautery, of the 

 transfusion of blood, and of the engrafting on 

 patients of tissue taken from the healthy subject, 

 and we can realise the revolution that has so 

 altered the surgeon's art as to make its present 

 position one of the greatest triumphs of human 

 intellect, energy, and resource. 



Haser's and Puschmann's works (the latter translated 

 into English by Hare, Lond. 1892) give the fullest and 

 most trustworthy account of the healing art, surgical as 

 well as medical. Monographs like Wise's History of 

 Medicine among the Asiatics, Young's Annals of the 

 Barber-Surgeom of London, Struthers' Historical Sketch 

 of the Edinbunfh Anatomical School, and Cameron's 

 History of the Royal Collei/e of Surfieons in Ireland 

 may also be consulted. Special operations in surgery 

 (Lithotomy, Ovariotomy, &c. ) are dealt with under their 

 respective heads, or in connection with the articles on 

 such subjects as AMPUTATION, DISLOCATION, EYE, FRAC- 

 TURE, HIP-JOINT, SHOULDER, &c. There are articles on 

 CATHETER, OPHTHALMOSCOPE, STETHOSCOPE, TOURNI- 

 QUET, &C. See also Ashhurst's Internatinnal Encyclo- 

 paedia of Surgery (6 vols. 1882-86) ; A Si/stem of Surgery, 

 by various authors, edited by Treves ( 1895 e t seq. ) ; the 

 articles in this work on the great surgeons ; and for a 

 record of contemporary surgery the annual summaries 

 in the concluding numbers of the Lancet and British 

 Medical Journal. 



Sliricate, a South African carnivore belonging 

 to the family of the Viverridas, of which the civet, 

 genette, and ichneumon are representatives, but 

 with much longer legs than these its kin. The 

 body and head reach a length of 12 or 13 inches, 

 the tail 6 inches. There are only four toes, and 

 the claws are very long, suited for burrowing. 



Surinam. See GUIANA (DUTCH). For the 

 Surinam Toad, see AMPHIBIA. 

 Surmullet. See MULLET. 

 Surname. See NAMES. 



Surplice (Lat. super pellicium, 'above the 

 robe of fur ' worn by the monks from the 9th cen- 

 tury ), a white linen garment worn over the cassock 

 by clerks of all degrees. Its most ordinary use is 

 for the service of the choir, and it is also employed, 

 along with the stole, by priests in the administra- 

 tion of the sacraments, and in preaching. The use 

 of the surplice was strongly objected to by the 

 Calvinistic and Zwinglian reformers on the Con- 

 tinent, and by the Puritans in England, who 

 regarded this vestment as a relic of popery, and 

 made it the subject of vehement denunciations. 

 Ere ritualism became so common in England, no 

 little stir used from time to time to be created 

 by the use of the surplice, instead of the Gown 

 (q.v. ), in the pulpit, contrary to the more general 

 practice in the Anglican Church. The length of 

 the surplice varies, never in the Roman Church 

 coming below the knees ; the short Italian cotta, 

 adorned with lace, dates from about the 17th cen- 

 tury. Surplice-fees are payments to the clergy by 

 the laity when any sacred functions baptisms, 

 marriages, funerals are performed for the latter's 

 benefit. 



Surrender. See CAPITULATION. 



Surrey, an inland county in the south of Eng- 

 land, is bounded on the N. by the Thames, which 

 separates it from Middlesex, E. by Kent, S. by 

 Sussex, and W. by Hants and Berks. Its maxi- 

 mum length from east to west is 39 miles ; greatest 



breadth, 26 miles; and it contains 758 sq. miles, 

 or 485,129 acres. Pop. (1801) 269,043; (1831) 

 485,700; (1861) 831,093; (1891) 1,731,343. Far- 

 famed for the beauty of its scenery, Surrey is 

 traversed from east to west by the North Downs 

 (see DOWNS), which, near Titsey on the Kentish 

 border, rise to the height of 880 feet ; on the north 

 side of this range the land slopes gradually to the 

 banks of the Thames though even there plenty of 

 high ground is to be found, as Cooper's Hill, St 

 George's Hill, Richmond Park, and Wimbledon 

 Common but on the south the descent is rugged 

 and broken up before the level of the Weald is 

 reached. South of the main range, and about 5 

 miles distant from Dorking, is Leith Hill (967 feet), 

 the highest point in the county, whilst in the 

 extreme south-west rises Hind Head (903 feet). 

 From all these places, as also from many others 

 e.g. the Hog's Back, St Martha's Chapel, and 

 Newland's Corner (both near Guildford ), Box Hill, 

 the downs above Reigate and Epsom, and at Vir- 

 ginia Water glorious views are to be obtained, a 

 noticeable feature in the landscapes being the pre- 

 valence of commons and heath-lands the latter 

 chiefly in the west scattered throughout the 

 county. Of rivers the most important are the 

 Wey and the Mole, both tributaries of the Thames. 

 The soil of the northern half of the county is 

 fertile, especially in the vicinity of London, where 

 large tracts are occupied by market-gardens and 

 nursery-grounds, but in the centre and southern 

 districts the land is of a poor quality, consisting 

 mostly of sand and chalk ; it is well wooded, box- 

 trees especially growing in great profusion, and 

 around Farnham some 2000 acres are under culti- 

 vation as hop-grounds. Croydon, Uuildford, King- 

 ston, and Reigate are not reckoning the suburbs 

 of London the principal manufacturing centres 

 and most important towns, near the last named 

 also extensive beds of Fuller's Earth (q.v.) being 

 found. The county is divided into fourteen 

 hundreds, and since 1885 has returned six members 

 to parliament ; the county council consists of 

 seventy-six members. 



In history Surrey has played but a meagre part, 

 the only incident of importance of which it was the 

 scene, other than those noticed under Kingston, 

 being a defeat of the Danes at Ockley in 851. 

 Between the two last-named places traces of the 

 old Roman road between London and Chichester 

 are plainly visible, whilst on Wimbledon Common, 

 Hascombe Hill, and near Aldershot are Roman 

 encampments. Of buildings of an architectural or 

 historical interest the castles of Farnham and 

 Guildford and the ruined abbeys of Newark and 

 Waverley most call for attention, whilst at Clare- 

 mont, Oatlands Park, and Sheen (now Richmond), 

 were royal residences ; nor must mention be omitted 

 of the quaintly-timbered old houses many of them 

 moated abounding in the districts around Goms- 

 hall, Godalming, and Haslemere. Of Surrey 

 worthies the best known are William of Ockham, 

 Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, Archbishops 

 Abbot and Whately, Bishops Corbet and Wilber- 

 force, Middleton and Oxenford (the dramatists), 

 John Evelyn, Sir W. Temple, Viscount Bolingbroke, 

 Admiral Lord Rodney, Banks ( the sculptor), Gibbon, 

 Home Tooke, William Cobbett, Malthus, Herring 

 (the animal painter), Michael Faraday, George 

 Rennie, Sydney Herbert, Robert Browning, Hablob 

 K. Browne, Albert Smith, Dr Jowett, Eliza Cook, 

 Sant (the R.A.), Sir George Grove, Professors 

 Cayley and Sidney Colvin, Dr Furnivall, Gilchrist 

 (the biographer), and Miss Faithfull. 



See works by Manning (3 vols. 1804-14), Allen (2 vols. 

 1829-30), Brayley (5 vols. 1841-48), Be van (Stanford's 

 series, new ed. 1891 ), and Murray's Handbook to Surrey 

 and Hants (new ed. 1888) ; also On Surrey Hillt (1892). 



