820 



SUKKKY 



SURVEYING 



Surrey, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF, poet, was 

 born between 1516 and 1518, most prolwbly in 

 Sutl'olk, either at Framlingham or Tendring Hall, 

 tin- eldest son of Thomas Howard (u.v.), who in 

 I.VJI succeeded as third I)uk(> of Norfolk. In 

 l.'i.'t'J he was married to Lady France- Veie. 

 daughter of the Karl of Oxford, in the game 

 year accompanied Henry VIII. to France, and 

 afterwards spent about twelve month* in study 

 at Paris in company with Henry's natural son, the 

 young Duke of Richmond, who was affianced to his 

 only sister, but died an untimely death in 1536. 

 Surrey's eldest son Thomas was born that same 

 year, and it is interesting that the child's nativity. 

 which still exists, foretold dark disaster to tin- 

 father. It was soon after this that his romantic 

 passion for the fair but disdainful Ceraldine awoke, 

 unless she is to be relegated to the domain of fancy 

 in the same sense as Heloise, Petrarch's Laura, 

 and Tasso's Leonora. It seems certain, however, 

 that if she had real existence she was the Lady 

 Elizabeth Fitzgerald, the second of the three 

 daughters by his second marriage of (Jerald, ninth 

 Earl of Kildare. But the story is surrounded with 

 difficulties, and we are not helped by Thom;u> 

 Na-li's absurd account ( Unfortunate Traveller, 

 1594) of how Surrey traversed Italy like a knight- 

 errant for his mistress' sweet sake. Hi* second son, 

 afterwards Earl of Northampton, was born in 1539. 

 In 1542 he was made a Knight of the Garter. 

 Later in the same year he lay some time in the 

 Fleet for challenging a gentleman with whom he 

 had quarrelled, and next year he was again com 

 milted for rovstering and breaking windows in the 

 streets at night Soon released, he went to serve in 

 the camp before Landrecy near Boulogne, and re- 

 turned in winter to complete his beautiful seat of 

 Mount Surrey near Norwich. It was at this time 

 that he admitted to his household the physician 

 Hadrian Junius and the poet Churchyard. Again in 

 1544 Surrey went to France as marshal of the invad- 

 ing army, "and distinguished himself at the sieg*- of 

 Mnntreuil, lieing severely wounded in the attempted 

 storming (19th September). Again next year we 

 find him holding command at (iuisne and at 

 Boulogne, and defeated by a superior French force 

 in the beginning of January, for which he was soon 

 superseded by the Earl of Hertford, who, as uncle 

 to the heir "to the throne, looked forward to a 

 regency on the king's death, and at once feared and 

 hated the Norfolk party. For his bitter speeches 

 against Hertford Surrey was imprisoned at Wind- 

 sor in July, and on the 12th Deceml>er was, like 

 his father, committed to the Tower on a charge of 

 high-treason. His offence was merely that he had 

 assumed the arms of his ancestor Edward the Con- 

 fessor, in conjunction with his own proper arms, a 

 thing which by all the laws of heraldry and com- 

 mon usage he was perfectly entitled to do, and 

 which, moreover, had been specially allowed the 

 Duke of Norfolk by Itiehard it. His father's mis- 

 tress and hi- own si-ier gave evidence against him, 

 and, though he defended himself \\ith singular 

 ability at his trial at the Guildhall on the 13th 

 January 1547, he was found guilty by the jury, 

 condemned to death, and beheaded eight da\* 

 later, 21st January 1547. His body was lir-t buried 

 in All Hallows-Barking, Tower Street, but was 

 removed by his son, the Earl of Northampton, to 

 Framlingham Church, where it rests under a stately 

 monument of black and white marble. 



Surrey's character would seem to have lieeii much 

 less amiable than it appeared to his eulogist, Dr 

 Nott. He was proud, headstrong, and imprudent. 

 and his unkindness to his mother remains a blot 

 upon his memory, however unworthy of respect she 

 may have been. His poems seem to have circulated 

 freely in manuscript during his lifetime, but were 



not print.-.! till 1557, when they appeared, togethei 

 with poems by Wyatt and others, in TotteJ's Mis- 

 rfl/iiny (ed. A'rber, 1870). They consist of sonnets, 

 lyrics, elegies, translations, paraphrases of the 

 Psalms of David and Eoclc-ia-te-, 1-e-idc- transla- 

 tions in good blank verse- the first in English of 

 the second and fourth books of Virgil's /Eiicid, the 

 last not given in Tottel. As a poet he shows grace, 

 delicacy, a quick eye for the lieauties of natuie, 

 and a sensitive enr to the harmonies of versifica- 

 tion. His love-poetry follows Petrarch loo closely, 

 yet not without a truth and genuineness of feeling 

 of its own. He was not only the lirst in English 

 to employ the sonnet, but within his range he had 

 mastered the difficulties of that artificial form. 



See the edition of Surrey and Wyatt in two goodly 

 quartos, by Dr G. F. Nott ( 1815-10 ) ; of Kunvy alone, 

 in tin- ' Aldme Poets' (1831 ; reprint 1866). 



Surtees, KOIIKHT, born at Durham, 1st April 

 177!l. graduated B.A. from ChriM Church. Oxford, 

 in IM(K), and, after less than two years at tin-Middle 

 Temple, in 1802 came into his paternal estate of 

 Mainsforth, near Bishop Auckland. Here till bis 

 death on llth February 1834 be largely devoted 

 himself to the compilation of his History and 

 Antiquities of the Comity Palatine of Diirlinm 

 (voU. i.-iii. 1816-23), to vol. iv. of which (1840), 

 completed by the Rev. James Raine, a memoir by 

 George Taylor is prefixed. To Scott s Mhmtrelsy 

 Sin-tecs contributed two 'ancient' ballads he him- 

 self had made Bartfiram's Dirge and The Dn<th 

 of Feathcrstonliauqh. The Surtees Society, founded 

 in 1834 for the publication of unedited MSS. relat- 

 ing chielly to the northern counties, issued its 

 seventy-third volume in 1884. 



Slirtlirltraild. a kind of Lignite (q.v.) found 

 in the north of Iceland, and used for fuel, has a 

 great resemblance to the black oak found in bogs. 



Surveying. Land-surveying may lie considered 

 the earliest practical application of the art of 

 geometry or earth measurement, ami must have 

 been in some more or less rude form coeval with 

 agriculture and the division or appropriation of the 

 soil. In Rome surveying was considered one of 

 the liberal arts, and the measurement of lands was 

 entrusted to public officers who enjoyed certain 

 privileges; and it is probable that the system of 

 measurement practised by them was very similar 

 to our plain surveying with the chain and cross- 

 staff of the present day, and has been handed 

 down to us through the feudal period. An exam 

 ination of ancient records and title-deeds will show 

 that both areas and boundary lines of the different 

 enclosures forming fields, hundreds, town-lands, 

 &c. are often laid down with much accuracy. 



Land surveying may l>e considered under the 

 following heads: (a) Plain surveying with the 

 chain, and without the aid of angular instruments, 

 except the cross-staff or fixed angle of 90; (6) 

 modern engineering surveying, in which angular 

 instruments are used; (c) coast and military sur- 

 veying ; (d) trigonometrical surveying. 



The fundamental rule of every description of 

 land-surveying, from the humblest attempt to lay 

 down an irregular garden-plot to the trigono- 

 metrical survey of a large extent of the earth's 

 surface, when the aid of the most refined improve- 

 ments of modern science is indispensable, is simply 

 to determine three elements of a triangle, and 

 thence to calculate its area. 



In plain survey ing with the chain the three sides 

 of the triangle, ABC, are supposed to be accessible, 

 and are carefully measured on the ground, and 

 then laid down or plat led to scale on iiaper, when 

 an accurate figure of the triangle will lie obtained, 

 on which the length of tin- -id.- can he marked. 

 To get the area, However, it will be necessary to 



