Btt 



SURYA 



STSSKX 



Sur> a, in II in. In Mythology, the nun-god. 



San, (1) a river anil district of Morocco (q.v.), 

 between the Atlas and the Anti-Atlas. (2) A port 

 of Timi-, 75 miles SE. of the capital. Pop. 8000. 



SnSft, the same as the Slnislian of Daniel, Esther, 



&C-, a town of Persia, identified with tli >dorn 



Sn-. anciently the capital of Susiana (the /.'//,// 

 of Scripture, mod. K/iitxi.\tnn), and one of the 

 most important cities of the old world. Its 

 foundation is ascribed by some ancient writers to 

 Darius Hystaspes, by others to Memuon, the son 

 of Tithonus ; and its name, together with its 

 ground-plan, is traced on Assyrian monuments of 

 the reign of Assur-bani-pal (al*>ut 660 B.C.). At 

 the time of Daniel's vision ' at Shushan in the 

 palace ' it was under Babylonian dominion, but it 

 was brought by Cyrus under Persian rule ; and 

 the Achiemenian kings raised it to the dignity of a 

 metropolis of the whole Persian empire, having 

 there a strong citadel and one of their treasure- 

 houses. At the Macedonian conquest Alexander 

 is reported to have found in it vast treasures, 

 together with the regalia. On Babylon becoming 

 the principal city of Alexander and iiis successors, 

 Susa gradually declined, but seems still to have 

 contained enormous wealth when it fell into the 

 hands of Antigonus (315 B.C.). It was attacked by 

 Molon in his rebellion against Antiochus the Great, 

 and held out bravely for a long time against the 

 Arab invaders at a later date. They, however, 

 destroyed the fortifications. The ruins of the 

 ancient city, the palace described in Esther among 

 them, cover a space of about three square miles. 

 The principal existing remains consist of four 

 spacious artificial platforms above 100 feet high. 

 Traces of a gigantic colonnade were laid bare by 

 Mr Loftus, with a frontage of 343 feet and a depth 

 of 244. Cuneiform inscriptions exist, together with 

 many relics similar to those found at Fersepolis. 

 The ' tomb of Daniel ' shown near Susa was a place 

 of pilgrimage previous to the Arab conquest. See 

 books by \\ ilhams, Loftus, Churchill, and Dieula- 

 foy, all of whom have explored the site. 



Susa. a city of Northern Italy, on a tributary 

 of the Po, at the foot of the Cottian Alps, 32 miles 

 by rail W. of Turin. It has a cathedral (1029), 

 and a triumphal arch erected by the Romanised 

 Segusian chief to Augustus in 8 B.C. The people 

 (3305) grow fruit and grapes, and carry on iron, 

 leather, and silk industries. See also Sus. 



Susannah. HISTORY OF, The Judgment of 

 Daniel, also Susannah and the Elders, are the 

 different titles of a well-known story, which forms 

 one of three apocryphal additions to the book of 

 Daniel ; the other two being The Song of the Three 

 Holy Children and The History of Bel and the 

 Dragon. It relates how Susannah, the wife of Joa- 

 <-ini, and daughter of Hilkiah, celebrated alike 

 for her beauty and her virtue, was falsely accused 

 of adultery by two of the elders, whose own un- 

 chaste proixKtals she had spurned ; anil how, being 

 condemned to death on their evidence, she was 

 saved by the wise young Daniel, who made the 

 elders confound each other in separate examination, 

 and doomed them to the same fate they had de- 

 signed for her. In most MSS. this story precedes 

 the first chapter of the Book of Daniel, ami HO we 

 find it in the old Latin and Arabic versions ; but 

 the Septnagint, the Vulgate, the Cotnplutensian 

 Polyglot, and the Hcxaplar Syriac pjace it at the 

 end of the present book, and reckon it as the 13th 

 chapter. There are two Greek versions varying 

 con-idctaMy that of the LXX. and that of Theodo- 

 tion. There in no satisfactory evidence that it ever 

 had a Hebrew or Aramaic original at all. Africanns 

 had a controversy with Origen on the authenticity 

 of Susannah and /; / and the Dragon, and pointed 



out that their original could only have been a (Iieek 

 one, as the example of paronomasia in the words of 

 Daniel dejwnded on theGreek. Porphyry Imsed his 

 attack on Daniel partly on the Greek origin of Su- 

 annah. Jerome is careful to distinguish it from the 

 ie-t of Daniel, as not possessing the authority of 

 Scripture. At the same time tin- story is used by 

 Hip|xilytus, Origen, Tertullian, Ambrose, Gregory 

 Nii/.ian/.en, and Chrysostom. The object of the 

 storv may have been to correct the procedure of the 

 Sanhedrim, by insisting on the proper use of 

 evidence and the examination of witnesses. 



Sec Churton'i edition of the Apocrypha (1884), and 

 "Wace's Commentary tm thf Apocrypha (1888). 



Sliso. Henry ( l-ltr. I3<W>). (ierman mystic, was 

 a monk at Constance, and died at I'lm. He was a 

 follower of Eckhart (q.v.). 



Suspended Animation, the temporary cessa- 

 tion of the outward signs and of some of the func- 

 tions of life, is treated under various heads in this 

 work. In men it may be due to Asphyxia, Drown- 

 ing, Strangulation, &c. See also CATALEPSY, 

 COMA, INSANITY, SLEEP, DEATH, and for prema- 

 ture burial, BURIAL. For phenomena of this kind 

 in the lower animals, see LIFE, DESICCATION, 

 HIBERNATION, LATENT LIFE, KOTATORIA, &c. 



Suspension Bridge. See BRIDGE. 



Snsquchanna. an American river, the North 

 Branch (350 miles) of which has its origin in 

 Schuyler Lake, in central New York, and the 

 West Branch (250 miles) in the Alleghany Moun- 

 tains. These two unite at Northumberland, 

 Pennsylvania, and the river thence flows south to 

 Harrisburg, and then south-eastward intoMaryland, 

 and so to the north end of Chesapeake Bay. 

 Length, 150 miles ; chief tributary, the Juniata. 

 It is a shallow, rapid, mountain river, with varied 

 and romantic scenery, and is of use mainly for 

 floating timber. On its banks Coleridge" and 

 Southey proposed to found their ' pantisocracy.' 



Sussex, a maritime county in the south of Eng- 

 land, washed on the south-east and south for 91 miles 

 by the English Channel, and elsewhere Ixmnded by 

 I lamp-hire, Surrey, and Kent. It has an extreme 

 length from east to west of 76 mile-, an extreme 

 width of 27, and an area of 1464 sq. m., or 

 936,911 acres. From the Hampshire border, near 

 Petersfield, to Beachy Head (q.v., 575 feet) the 

 county is traversed b"y the chalky South Downs, 

 whose highest point is Ditchling Beacon (858 feet), 

 and whose northern escarpment is steep, but leads 

 down to the fertile and richly wooded Weald. 

 lieyond this again, in the north-east, is the Forest 

 Ridge (804 feet). A very productive tract, 2 to 7 

 miles broad, extends westward from Brighton along 

 the coast to the Hampshire boundary ; in the south- 

 east are rich marsh-lands, affording excellent pasture. 

 The chief streams, all unimportant, are the Arun, 

 Adur, Onse, and Kother. Rather more than two- 

 thirds of the entire area is in cultivation : and 

 177 sq. m. (second only to Yorkshire) are occupied 

 by woods in the Weald, St Leonards and Ash- 

 down Forests, &c. The Downs (q.v.) are clothed 

 with a short, fine, and delicate turf ; and hero and 

 elsewhere more than half a million of the well- 

 known Southdown sheep are grazed, the live-stock 

 also including some 25,000 horses and 113,000 

 cattle. Sussex was once the chief seat of the iron 

 trade, when wood was used for smelting, and its 

 last furnace was not blown out till 1809 ; to-day 

 the manufactures are not important. The county, 

 which contains six 'rapes,' 68 hundred-, and 317 

 parishes, has since 1885 returned six members to 

 parliament. Brighton and Hastings are parlia- 

 mentary and Arundel, Chichester, Eastbourne, 

 Lewes, and Rye municipal boroughs ; whilst New- 

 haven, Worthing, Seaford, Littlehampton, and 



