SUSTENTATION FUND 



SUTTEE 



823 



Bognor also deserve mention. Pop. ( 1801 ) 159,471 ; 

 (1841) 300,075; (1881) 490,505; (1891) 550,446. 

 Sussex contains the landing-place of Caesar (55 B.C.) 

 either at Pevensey or near Deal ; of M\\a, (477 A.D.) 

 at Keynor, near Chichester, from whose subjects, 

 the South Saxons, the county derived its name ; 

 and of William the Conqueror (1066) at Pevensey, 

 as well as the battlefields of Hastings and Lewes. 

 The antiquities include a British camp at Cissbury, 

 Roman remains at Pevensey and Bognor, a dozen 

 mediaeval castles (Arundel, Bodiam, Hurstmon- 

 ceaux, Hastings, Bramber, &c. ), and nine or ten 

 religious houses (Lewes, Battle, &c.). Cobden, 

 Collins, Fletcher, Otway, Sackville, Selden, and 

 Shelley have been among the eminent natives ; 

 and Sussex also has memories of Chillingworth, 

 Lyell, Archdeacon Hare, John Sterling, Cardinal 

 Manning, and Titus Gates. 



See works by T. W. Horsfield (2 vols. Lewes, 1835), 

 M. A. Lower (3 vols. 1865-70), C. W. D. Parish (Domes- 

 day Book in relation to Sussex, 1886), and G. F. Cham- 

 bers(3ded. 1891). 



Sustentation Fund. See FREE CHURCH. 



Sutherland, a maritime county in the extreme 

 north of Scotland, is bounded \V. and N. by the 

 Atlantic, E. by Caithness, SE. by the North Sea, 

 and S. by the Dornoch Firth and by Ross and 

 Cromarty. Measuring 63 by 59 miles, it has an 

 area of 2126 sq. m., or 1,360,459 acres, of which 

 47,633 are water and 12,812 foreshore. The 

 Atlantic coasts, deeply indented by sea-lochs, are 

 bold and rock-bound, in Cape Wrath (q.v.) attain- 

 ing 523 feet ; the south-eastern seaboard is com- 

 paratively flat. On the Caithness boundaiy rise 

 the Hill of Ord ( 1324 feet) and Cnoc an Eireannaich 

 (1698); but the mountains of Sutherland are all 

 in the west Benmore Assynt (3273), Coniveall 

 (3234), Bendibrick (3154), Ben Hope (3040), Foi- 

 naven (2980), Canisp (2779), and Snilven or the 

 Sugar-loaf (2399). The Oykell, tracing the Ross- 

 shire boundary, and falling into the Dornoch Firth, 

 is the longest stream (35 miles) ; and of over 300 

 lochs and tarns the largest are Lochs Shin 

 (16 x 1J miles) and Assynt (q.v., 6| x J). The 

 geology is of great interest Archaean gneiss 

 predominating in the west, then Silurian, and then 

 Old Red Sandstone. Coal has been mined at Brora 

 off and on since 1573 ; and a find of gold at Kil- 

 donan in 1868 for a time caused a rush of ' diggers.' 

 The total percentage of cultivated area is only 2 '9, 

 in spite of costly reclamations carried on by the 

 3d Duke of Sutherland (1828-92), the largest pro- 

 prietorso costly indeed that during 1853-82 the 

 expenditure on his estates exceeded the income 

 derived from them by nearly a quarter of a million 

 sterling. The live-stock includes over 10,000 

 cattle and 200,000 sheep ; and the deer-forests, 

 grouse-moors, and fishings (especially good for 

 trout ) attract many sportsmen. The climate varies 

 much, and also the rainfall, which increases west- 

 ward from 32 to 60 inches. Sutherland returns one 

 member to parliament ; its county town is Dor- 

 noch (q.v.). Pop. (1801) 23,117; (1851) 25,793; 

 (1881) 23,370 ;( 1891) 21,896. The Northmen, who 

 down to the 12th century often descended on 

 Sutherland and pillaged it, called it the ' South- 

 ern land,' as lying to the south of the Orkney and 

 Shetland islands. An earldom of Sutherland was 

 held from about 1228 by the Freskin family, but 

 passed by marriage in 1514 to the Gordons, whose 

 line also ended in an heiress in 1766. She married 

 in 1785 George Granville Leveson-Gower, second 

 Marquess of Sutherland, who in 1833 was created 

 Duke of Sutherland. To him was due the credit 

 or discredit of the so-called ' Sutherland clearances ' 

 (1810-20), by which the small tenants, living 

 wretchedly in the interior, were compelled to 

 remove to the coast or to the valleys near the sea. 



See Sir Robert Gordon's History of the Earldom of 

 Sutherland (1813), Bishop Pococke's Tour in 1760 in 

 Sutherland and Caithness (1888), C. W. G. St John's 

 Tour in Sutherlaivlshire (2cvols. 1849; new ed. 1884), 

 A. Young's Anf/ler's Guide to Sutherland (1880), A. 

 Mackenzie's History of the Highland Clearances (1883), 

 and J. E. Edwards-Moss's Season in Sutherland (1888). 



Sutherland Falls. See NEW ZEALAND, 

 Vol. VII. p. 487. 



Siltlej, or SATLAJ (anc. Hyphasis or Hesi- 

 drus), the eastmost of the five rivers of the 

 Punjab, rises in the sacred lakes of Mauasarowar 

 and Rakas-tal in Tibet, at a height of 15,200 

 feet, and near the sources of the Indus and the 

 Brahmaputra. It flows at first north-west, but 

 turns westward to cut its way through the 

 Himalaya Mountains, in the course of which 

 passage it drops to about 3000 feet. After enter- 

 ing British territory it pursues a general south- 

 western direction, receives the Li or river of Spiti, 

 passes round the Siwalik Hills, picks up the waters 

 of the Beas and the Jhelum-Ch'inab, and after 

 flowing 900 miles in all joins the. Indus at Mithan- 

 kot, south of Multan. Not far from Jullunder it 

 is crossed by a magnificent iron bridge, 5200 feet 

 long, carrying the Sind, Punjab, and Delhi Rail- 

 way, and near Bhawalpur, just before its conflu- 

 ence with the Jhelum-Chenab, is spanned by the 

 bridge of the Indus Valley Railway. 



Sutler. See CAMP FOLLOWERS. 



Sutra, in Sanskrit Literature, the technical 

 name of aphoristic rules, and of works consisting 

 of such rules. In such aphorisms the ground- 

 works of the ritual, grammatical, metrical, and 

 philosophical literature of India are written. See 

 SANSKRIT, VEDA, PITAKA. . 



Suttee (an English spelling of the Sanskrit 

 sati, ' a virtuous wife ' ), a usage long prevalent in 

 India, in accordance with which on the death of 

 her husband the faithful widow burned herself on 

 the funeral pyre along with her husband's body, 

 or, if he died at a distance, was burned on a pyre 

 of her own. The practice was in use in India as 

 early as the times of the Macedonian Greeks, and 

 was based by Hindus on various of their sacred 

 books and laws (the Brahma Purana, the Vyasa, 

 &c. ). But the researches of European scholars 

 have made it absolutely certain that no counten- 

 ance to this barbarous rite can be derived from the 

 oldest and most sacred scriptures. The few pas- 

 sages professedly cited from the Vedas have been 

 proved to be misquoted, garbled, or wholly false ; 

 and the laws of Mann are silent on the subject. 

 Nevertheless self-immolation, though not enforced 

 on an unwilling victim, and not practised except 

 in certain castes and families of old descent, was 

 almost made incumbent on well-born widows by 

 force of public opinion, unless they were willing 

 to risk their own happiness here and hereafter. 

 The rite was no doiibt entirely alien to pure 

 Brahmanism, and was derived from a belief common 

 to many savage races at all times of the world's 

 history, that it was well to send wives, slaves, 

 horses, favourite weapons, &c. along with a great 

 man into the other world, by burying them with 

 him, burning or slaying them at his tomb. In 1823 

 there were 575 widows burned in Bengal Presidency, 

 310 within the jurisdiction of the Calcutta court. 

 Of these 109 were above sixty years of age, 226 

 from forty to sixty, 208 from twenty to forty, and 

 32 under twenty ( Max-Miiller, Biographical Essays, 

 1884). When Lord William Bentinck resolved to 

 put an end to this hideous sacrifice he was met 

 by fierce opposition both from natives and Euro- 

 peans, though backed by some official and public 

 opinion. And on the 4th December 1829 he carried 

 the regulation in council which made all who 



