WARMING. 



Fig. 2. 



is warmed by circulating between the inner anc 

 outer cases. When placec 

 in the apartment or hall to 

 be warmed, the outer casing 

 has perforations about the 

 top for the issue of the 

 warm air. For heating 

 churches and similar build- 

 ings, the stove is placed in 

 a separate furnace-room, 

 and the warm air is con- 

 veyed to the different parts 

 of the building in pipes or 

 flues, while fresh air is 

 drawn to the stove through a channel or culvert 

 leading from outside the building to the openings 

 in the outer casing, where the arrows are seen 

 entering. 



The stove invented by Dr Arnott is upon the 

 same principle of an extensive and moderately 

 warm heating surface. For the description, we 

 must refer to the inventor's own treatise on 

 Warming and Ventilation. For many years, Dr 

 Arnott has had his own dining-room warmed by 

 such a stove. The fire in winter is never extin- 

 guished, and a uniform temperature of from 60 

 to 63 is maintained by consuming at the rate of 

 about a ton of anthracite in six months. 



In Germany and other northern countries of 

 Europe, the stoves are usually built of brick, 

 covered with porcelain. They are of the size of a 

 large and very high chest of drawers, and usually 

 stand in a corner of the room. The fire is burned 

 in a furnace near the bottom, and the heated 

 smoke is made repeatedly to traverse the struc- 

 ture from side to side, along a winding passage, 

 before it reaches the top, where a pipe conveys it, 

 now comparatively cold, into a flue in the wall. 

 The heated mass of brick continues to warm the 

 room long after the fuel is burned. It is gen- 

 erally sufficient to warm the stove once a day. 

 The same quantity of wood burned in an open 

 grate would be consumed in an hour, and would 

 hardly be felt. 



Open-fire Stoves. As a specimen of the numer- 

 ous plans for combining the advantages of the 

 stove and the open fire, we may take Sylvester's 

 stove or grate, which is thus described in Ronalds 

 and Richardson's Technology: 'The fuel is placed 

 upon a grate, the bars of which are even with the 

 floor of the room. The sides and top of these 

 stoves are constructed of double casings of iron, 

 and in the sides a series of vertical plates, parallel 

 with the front facing, are included in the interior, 

 which collect, by conduction, a great portion of 

 the heat generated from the fire the mass of 

 metal of which these are composed being so pro-' 

 portioned to the fuel consumed, that the whole 

 can never rise above the temperature of 212 

 Fahrenheit under any circumstances. The sides 

 and top of the stove are thus converted into a hot 

 chamber, offering an extensive surface of heated 

 metal; at the bottom, by an opening in the 

 ornamental part, the air is allowed to enter, and 

 rises as it becomes warmed, traversing in an 

 ascent the different compartments formed by the 

 hot parallel plates, and is allowed to escape 

 at the top by some similar opening into the 

 room.' 



Stoves furnished with a series of parallel plates 

 to increase the heating surface and prevent an 



excessive temperature of the metal, are known as 

 gill stoves, fronvthe plates having a resemblance 

 to the gills of a fish. They have recently come 

 into considerable use. 



The idea of having an air-chamber behind and 

 around the fireplace, from which warm air would 

 issue into the room, thus saving part at least of 

 the vast amount of heat that is lost by passing 

 through the wall, is not new, having been put in 

 practice by the Cardinal Polignac in the beginning 

 of last century. But the way to carry the principle 

 out to the full would be to have the open fireplace 

 in a pier of masonry standing isolated from the 

 wall, like a German porcelain stove. A very 

 small fire would keep the whole mass mildly 

 heated. The pier could receive any shape, so 

 as to give it architectural effect ; and it might 

 either terminate in the room the smoke, after 

 parting with most of its heat, being conducted by 

 a pipe into the wall or it might be continued into 

 the story above, where its heat would still be suffi- 

 cient to warm a bedroom. An Arnott smokeless 

 grate, set in the pedestal of an ornamental column, 

 which might either stand in front of the wall or in 

 a niche in its depth, might be made the beau-icUal 

 of comfort, economy, and elegance. 



WARMING BY GAS. 



When care is taken to carry off the products of 

 combustion by a pipe, and to prevent overheating, 

 gas-stoves will be found economical and pleasant, 

 and capable of being used in situations where a 

 common stove is inadmissible. 



In stoves, gas should always be burnt with the 

 Bunsen burner, which is generally employed by 

 chemists when they make use of gas for heating 

 purposes. It consists of a small brass cylinder, 

 or chimney, set over the gas-jet, like the glass of 

 an argand lamp, with openings near the bottom 

 :o allow air to enter. The gas being admitted 

 into this before lighting, mixes with the air, and 

 when lighted at the top, burns with a pale-blue 

 flame. The most complete combustion and the 

 greatest heat are obtained in this way. Smoke, 

 properly so called, there is none. Still it must 

 lot be forgot that there is burnt air a cubic foot 

 of carbonic acid, besides a quantity of watery 

 vapour, for every cubic foot of gas used ; and 

 therefore, even with the Bunsen burner, these 

 jaseous products should, wherever it is possible, 

 be conducted away. 



STEAM AND HOT WATER. 



The immediate warming agent in these two 

 methods is the same as in Arnott's and other low- 

 temperature stoves namely, an extensive metallic 

 surface moderately heated ; but instead of heating 

 hese surfaces by direct contact with the fire, the 

 icat is first communicated to water or steam, and 

 thence to the metal of a system of pipes. This 

 affords great facility in distributing the heat at 

 will over all parts of a building ; and these 

 methods are peculiarly adapted to factories, work- 

 shops, and other large establishments. Other 

 advantages are freedom from dust, and from all 

 risk of overheating and ignition. 



Steam. Steam-warming is generally adopted in 

 establishments where steam-power is used, as the 

 same boiler and furnace serve both purposes. 



