ANTHROPOLOGY. 



terms are (i.) Race, (2.) Species, (3.) Variety. 

 ' Race,' says M. Broca, ' affirms the existence of a 

 parental bond between the individuals forming a 

 race ; but it neither affirms nor denies a similar 

 relationship between that race and other races.' 

 Species affirms diversity of origin ; so that, if we 

 were to talk of the African species, the European 

 species, &c., we should imply that these several 

 groups sprang from separate origins. Varieties 

 is a term the use of which, as applied to mankind, 

 implies that the whole group of mankind form but 

 one single species, which many deny. It will be seen 

 that the use of the terms 'variety,' 'species,' implies 

 that we are partisans of those who hold the rival 

 theories regarding the unity and plurality of races ; 

 so that it is more convenient to use the term 

 ' race,' in the sense of ' a persistent modification of 

 mankind,' which enables us to preserve our neu- 

 trality between the two hostile sects into which 

 anthropologists are divided. 



I. ZOOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. 



For the full discussion of the physical differences 

 between man and the lower animals, we refer to 

 treatises on zoology. We may say that the skull 

 presents well-marked differences. For instance, 

 the ridges above the eyebrows are, as a rule, never 

 developed in man as in the higher apes. ' The orbits 

 and jaws are relatively smaller, and situated less 

 in front of, and more below, the fore part of the 

 brain-case. ... In the profile view of the face, 

 the nasal bones project more beyond the level of 

 the ascending process of the maxilla than they do 

 in any ape.' Huxley. Then we have the erect 

 posture in progression, the non-prehensile nature 

 of the feet, the greater size of the brain, the greater 

 number and complexity of its convolutions, the 

 greater size of the cerebrum as compared with 

 the cerebellum, and of the brain as a whole, as 

 amongst the principal features distinguishing man 

 from the higher apes. Whilst some authorities 

 would place man in an order by himself, later 

 writers, such as Huxley, reverting, to a certain 

 extent, to the ideas of Linnaeus, the Father of 

 natural history, would simply make him the only 

 genus and species of a group of higher animals, 

 the group Anthropidae, which belongs to the 

 family of the Catarrhini, one of the divisions of 

 the order Simiadae. The most striking distinction 

 between man and the higher apes is in the -volume 

 of the brain. Professor Schauffhausen holds 

 that the difference in this respect between the 

 highest ape and the lowest man (excluding dis- 

 eased or abnormal brains from consideration) is so 

 very much greater than any differences of the sort 

 among the anthropomorphic apes themselves, as 

 to create an almost impassable gulf between them. 

 The higher apes and the lowest races of man 

 are gradually tending to extinction, and it may be, 

 that in the ages that have elapsed since man first 

 appeared on the earth, many intermediate forms 

 that might have bridged this gulf have died out, 

 though as yet geologists have not discovered any 

 positive traces of their fossil remains. 



II. DESCRIPTIVE ANTHROPOLOGY. 



The principles upon which we classify the races 

 of mankind must be the same as those that guide 



us elsewhere. The value of a character must 

 mainly depend on its permanence and power of 

 resisting change. Hence it is, that though men 

 differ from each other more in brain-power 'than 

 physical characteristics, yet the latter, being the 

 less ductile, and the most persistent in resisting 

 change, are of most value as a means of classifica- 

 tion. Hence it is that even Professor Max Miiller 

 has given up the notion of classifying mankind by 

 means of language alone language being of all 

 human products the one least capable of with- 

 standing change. Blumenbach's popular classifi- 

 cation divided mankind into 



I. The Caucasian Variety the characters of 

 which are : white skin, straight oval face, large 

 broad forehead and skull, narrow nose, and thin 



Fig. I. Caucasian. 



Fig. 2. Mongolian. Fig. 3. African. 



Fig. 4. American. 



Fig. 5. Malay. 



lips. It includes all the people of Europe (except 

 the Finns), high-caste Hindus, Persians, Assyrians, 

 Arabians, Jews, inhabitants of Asia Minor, Cau- 

 casus, Egypt, Abyssinia, and Morocco. This is 

 the highest race of all as regards moral feeling 

 and intellect. 



2. Mongolian Variety. Characters are : yellow 

 skin, long black straight hair, scanty beard, short 

 broad nose, broad flat cheek-bones and prominent, 

 skull flattened at the side, with forehead low. 

 eyes are rather obliquely set The Chinese, 

 Tatars, Turks, Finns, Lapps, &c. are goo< 



^African Variety Characters : Skin black, 

 hair woolly, forehead low and retreating, } aw 



