CHAMBERS'S INFORMATION FOR THE PEOPLE. 



projecting, lips large and thick, nose thick and 

 flat. 



4. American Variety. Skin reddish brown, hair 

 long, black, and lank, scanty beard, black eyes, 

 high cheek-bones, aquiline nose, small skull with 

 high apex, and flat occiput. 



5. Malay Variety. Characters : Tawny dark- 

 brown skin, coarse black hair, short broad nose, 

 large mouth, broad flat faces with projecting upper 



. skull high, and the forehead low and broad. 

 This race inhabits the Malay Archipelago. 



The most recent classification is the highly 

 ingenious one of Huxley, which is founded on 

 the hair. There are two primary divisions I. the 

 Ulotrichi (crisp or woolly haired people), and II. the 

 Leiotrichi (with smooth hair). In the Ulotrichi, the 

 colour varies from yellow to black, and they are 

 dolichocephalic (or possess skulls longer than they 

 are broad). The Negroes, Bushmen, Malays, are 

 members of this Negroid stock. The Leiotrichi 

 he divides into (i) the Australoid group, 'with 

 dark skin and eyes, wavy black hair, and eminently 

 long prognathous skulls, with well-developed brow 

 ridges, who are found in Australia and the 

 Dekhan ; ' he considers the ancient Egyptians 

 to belong to this group ; and Colonel Lane Fox's 

 recent discoveries of the resemblances in the 

 weapons used by these races confirms this some- 

 what startling view ; (2) the Mongoloid group, in- 

 cluding Chinese, Tatars, Polynesians, Eskimos, and 

 American Indians; (3) the Xanthochroic group, 

 with pale skins, blue eyes, fair hair, including 

 Sclavs, Teutons, Scandinavians, and the fair Celtic- 

 speaking peoples ; (4) lastly, the Melanochroi, or 

 dark whites, with pale complexions, dark hair and 

 eyes, including Iberians, ' black Celts ' of Europe, 

 and the dark-complexioned white peoples of the 

 shores of the Mediterranean, Western Asia, and 

 Persia. This group he thinks the result of a 

 mixture of Australoids and Xanthochroi. 



To every classification (the most recent one of 

 Huxley's not excepted) grave objections may be 

 made ; but as it is necessary to have some classi- 

 fication to work from, we recommend, as most 

 popular, simple, and at the same time least in- 

 adequate, the following summary of Dr Latham's. 

 He adopts three primary varieties, the Mongolian, 

 African, and European, to which he gives the 

 technical names of (i) Mongolidae, (2) Atlantidae, 

 (3) Japetidae. 



I. MONGOLID^. 



This is by far the largest division, embracing 

 the nations of Asia, Polynesia, and America, and 

 takes its name from the Mongols of Central Asia, 

 who are considered as typical of the whole. The 

 general characters are a broad flat face ; the 

 skull wide rather than long, and square rather 

 than round ; forehead retiring or depressed, rarely 

 approaching the perpendicular ; jaw moderately 

 projecting, rarely orthognathic ; eyes often oblique ; 

 skin rarely a true white or a jet black ; eyes 

 generally dark ; hair straight, and lank, and 

 black. The languages are either without inflec- 

 tions, or agglutinate. Their influence on the his- 

 tory of the world has been rather material than 

 moral. They fall into the following groups : 



(A.) ALTAIC MONGOLIDJE, which are composed 

 of two stocks, the Seriform and the Turanian. 



i. The Seriform stock embraces the nations 



nearly allied to the Chinese (Lat. Seres) namely, 

 Chinese, Tibetans, Anamese, Siamese, Cambo- 

 dians, Burmese, and other tribes. These all 

 agree in having languages that are monosyllabic 

 and without inflections. The prevailing religion 

 is Buddhism. The Chinese are specially charac- 

 terised by oblique eyes, which, however, occur in 

 other Mongolidae. 



2. The Turanian stock, which extends over an 

 immense area, has four branches the Mongolian, 

 Tungusian, Turk, and Ugrian. The languages 

 of these tribes have inflections of the agglutinate 

 kind. Their physical structure is typically Mon- 

 golian. The Mongolian branch of the stock is 

 composed of the Mongols proper of the Desert 

 of Shamo, the Buriats about Lake Baikal, the 

 Kalmucs, &c. The Tungus inhabit about the 

 Lena and the Sea of Okhotsk. The Mantshu 

 conquerors of China were Tungus. The Turk 

 branch includes, among others, the Turks of the 

 Sandy Desert, Kirghis, Uzbeks, Turkomans, Otto- 

 man or Osmanli of the Turkish Empire, and 

 Turks of the Russian Empire. It is probable 

 that a large portion of ancient Scythia was Turk, 

 and that that race furnished some of the most 

 famous conquerors of antiquity. Among the 

 Osmanlis of Turkey, and in other cases, the Mon- 

 golian features have become modified by inter- 

 mixture and other causes. The Turk of Con- 

 stantinople has a round head, oval face, a regularly 

 formed eye, and a long beard. 



The Ugrian branch has its locality along the 

 Arctic Ocean from Norway to the Yenisei, with 

 a detached area in Hungary. A variety of Ugrian 

 tribes inhabit Russia on both sides of the Ural 

 Mountains, and on the Volga, as far south as 

 Astrakhan. The Finlanders of Finland, the 

 Esthonians of Esthonia, the Laplanders of Sweden 

 and Norway, and the Magyars of Hungary, are 

 all Ugrians. With the exception of the Magyar 

 intrusion, the Ugrian frontier is a receding one. 

 The ancient barrows of Scandinavia give evidence 

 that the race at one time had a wider area. The 

 older tombs contain, along with implements, not 

 made of iron, skulls that are broad rather than 

 long, and therefore Ugrian. Many Ugrian tribes 

 retain their ancient paganism, called Shamanism. 

 (B.) DIOSCURIAN MONGOLIDjE. The ancient 

 seaport of Dioscurias, at the east end of the 

 Black Sea, was the chief mart of commerce 

 with the inhabitants of the Caucasus, and was 

 remarkable for the multiplicity of languages 

 spoken. This is still a characteristic of these 

 regions, and hence the name. It is startling to 

 find the inhabitants of the Caucasus, so long held 

 to be types of the European variety, excluded from 

 it altogether, and classed with the sallow flat-faced 

 Mongols. Yet the nature of their languages, and 

 other facts, are considered to overbalance the 

 symmetry of their shape and their complexion. 

 The languages of the Caucasus seem to have more 

 resemblance to the monosyllabic and non-inflec- 

 tional languages of the Chinese and other Seriform 

 peoples, than even to the Turanian. The nature 

 of the climate may account for the physical trans- 

 formation of the Caucasians, if their personal 

 beauty is really true to the extent generally 

 believed. 



The narrow basis on which the theory was 

 formed which makes the Caucasians the type of 

 all that is highest in humanity, is very remarkable. 



