ANTHROPOLOGY. 



Desmoulins denies there is any strict analogy 

 between them. These deposits of fat are seen in 

 many Negresses for example, in Congo women, 

 often among Nubian and Somali women and it is 

 curious to note that the Negro race seem to con- 

 sider these cushions marks of superior beauty. 

 Hence it is that women about Cape Coast Castle 

 imitate this envied peculiarity when they have it 

 not, and wear artificial cushions of cloth to simu- 

 late the fat-cushions a custom which seems 

 strangely enough to survive in a modified form 

 even in the highest races, as a glance at any 

 recent Parisian book of fashions will prove. 

 4 In the lower races, the forearm and hand, and 

 foot and leg, are often longer than in Europeans' 

 (Huxley). As shoes are not worn by them, the 

 great toe is more movable, and the foot more 

 capable of prehension than in higher races. The 

 apelike form of the Negro foot is much exag- 

 gerated. Some writers noticing that the Negro 

 often uses the great toe as a thumb, attempt to 

 relegate him to a much lower place in the scale of 

 classification than is justifiable. Many other 

 aboriginal races exhibit the same peculiarity. The 

 Indians, for example, in Yucatan and on the 

 Orinoco can, we are told, pick up money and 

 throw stones with their feet (Waitz, Int. Anthrop. 

 voL i. p. 102). Indeed, Bory (L'Homme, vol. i. p. 

 45) shewed that in the higher races this pecu- 

 liarity might be acquired : e. g. in the gum- 

 gatherers of Marrensin, Department des Landes, 

 who have the great toes on the feet developed 

 in many cases, by habitual climbing, into a 

 closer resemblance to the Simian structure than 

 even the Negro has. It is a popular delusion 

 that the heel is longer in proportion to the foot 

 in Negroes than in other races. The spines in 

 the middle of the back-bone of the neck cease 

 more or less to be bifurcated in the lower races, 

 in whom also, e.g. the Australians, the pelvis of 

 the male is less in many of its dimensions, and 

 differs more from that of the female, than in 

 higher races. 



Skull. 



Here we have the most marked and most im- 

 portant variations in the different races; and of 

 late, our knowledge of these has been so much 

 extended as almost to make the study of them 

 rank as an independent science under the name 

 of Craniology. The most striking differences 

 exist in skulls between the proportions of length 

 and breadth. Taking 100 to represent the length 

 of a skull from before backwards, the breadth or 

 transverse diameter varies from 99 to 62. The 

 cephalic index is the number which gives us the 

 proportion the breadth bears to the length. When 

 the cephalic index is 80 and upwards, that is, when 

 the breadth is to the length as 80 to 100, the skull 

 is br achy cephalic (brachys, short, &nd.kephale, head). 

 When the length from front to back is to the 

 breadth as 100 to 68, i.e. where the skull is 

 markedly elongated from front to back, it is dolt- \ 

 chocephalic (dolichos, long, and kephale, head) ; ; 

 and races possessing crania belonging to these 

 two great typical forms are called respectively j 

 dolichocephali and brachycephali. In fig. 6 may 

 be seen a drawing of a fine specimen of a brachy- 

 cephalic skulL The calvarium (bones of the head 

 without those of the lower jaw) is short, equable, > 

 and well formed and the great breadth of the i 



cranium in relation to its length is very character- 

 istic. It is a good example of the typical ancient 



Fig. 6. Brachycephalic SkulL 



British cranium, and was taken from Green-gate 

 Hill Barrow, Yorkshire, in July 1852. Fig. 7 is a 

 good specimen of the dolichocephalic skull of an 

 East Angle, taken from Linton Heath Cemetery. 



Fig. 7. Dolichocephalic SkulL 



Dolichocephaly is the primitive and lowest type in 

 development, and it tends to disappear with the 

 advance of civilisation (Broca). The old Germans 

 whom the Romans fought were dolichocephalic, 

 differing in this respect but little from their con- 

 temporaries the Celts ; but Welcker lately shewed 

 that the modern Germans, as a race, are tending 

 towards brachycephaly. Ecker also shews that the 

 same change of type has taken place in the skulls 

 of the old dolichocephalic Alemanni, whose de- 

 scendants, the modern Swabians, are nearer the 

 brachycephalic type. Professor Herman Schauff- 

 hausen, in a lecture delivered before the Archaic 

 Anthropological Congress of Paris, on the 3oth 

 August 1867, says, that the 'human skull, during 

 its growth, continues longest to extend in breadth, 

 whence it follows that the breadth diameter of 

 the cranium corresponds most with the intellec- 

 tual development of the brain ;' and it is certainly 

 a curious fact that, on comparing the brain of a 

 savage with that of a European, the difference lies 

 less in length than in breadth. In the man-like apes, 

 it is notable that the same cranial types occur 

 those of Asia, e.g. the orang, being brachycephalic, 



