SCOTLAND. 



1664-95. 

 Perth 28,330 



Roxburgh 26,222 



Stirling 9.042 



Sutherland... 2,266 

 Wigtown 61634 



-. 

 *M3s{*1S of raUways and water- 



419.704 inclusive of railways. 

 4 I 5479 exclusive of railways and canals. 

 97,809 (supposed to be exclusive of rail- 

 264,381 ( ways, but not stated. 



From a parliamentary return published in April 

 1874, it was shewn that there were then in Scotland 

 131,530 owners of lands and heritages; that the 

 estimated extent of their property is 18,946,694 

 acres, the gross annual value of which is 

 ji 8,698,804. 



Mining Coal. The first mention of coal in 

 'Scotland (The Industries of Scotland, by David 

 Bremner; Edinburgh: A. & C Black, 1869) is 

 found in a charter granted in 1291 to the abbot 

 and convent of Dunfermline, giving them the 

 privilege of digging coal in the lands of Pitten- 

 crief ; but the first workers are supposed to have 

 been the monks of Newbattle Abbey. In the 

 account of Scotland given by Eneas Sylvius, who 

 visited it in the i4th century, it is stated that the 

 aoor people who begged at the church doors re- 

 jived for alms ' pieces of stone, with which they 

 went away quite contented. This species of stone,' 

 he adds, 'whether with sulphur, or whatever in- 

 flammable substance it may be impregnated, they 

 burn in place of wood.' A description of Scotland 

 written in the beginning of the i6th century, 

 says : ' There are black stones also digged out of 

 the ground, which are very good for firing, and 

 such is their intolerable heat, that they resolve 

 and melt iron, and therefore are very profitable 

 for smiths, and such artificers as deal with other 

 metals.' Popular prejudice, and want of proper 

 apparatus for digging and raising, prevented coal 

 from being generally used as fuel in Scotland until 

 towards the close of the i6th century, when it 

 is recorded that 'the use of coal beginneth to 

 jrow from the forge into the kitchen and halle.' 

 he lot of the early miners in Scotland had its 

 inevitable hardship made worse by a system of 

 bondage, or serfdom, which prevailed. On enter- 

 ing a coal-mine, the workers became bound to 

 labour in it during their whole life, and in case 

 of sale or alienation of the colliery, the right to 

 their services passed to the purchaser without 

 special agreement. The sons of the collier could 

 not follow any occupation but that of their father, 

 and could only work in the mine to which they 

 were born. This slavery was abolished by act 

 of parliament on May 23, 1775. Up to 1843, 

 women and children were employed in the coal- 

 mines of Scotland. It appeared, on investigation 

 by a parliamentary commission, that children as 

 young as eight were employed in Scotland in 

 England, even as young as four. The women and 

 children were employed to carry the coal on their 

 backs to the pit's mouth ; the weight carried on 

 each journey being sometimes as much as 4? cwt. 

 The Report says : ' The whole of these places, it 

 appears, are in a most deplorable state as to 

 ventilation. The evidence of their sufferings, as 

 given by the young people and the old colliers 

 themselves, is absolutely hideous.' The act of 

 parliament of 1842 prohibits the employment of 

 boys under ten in coal-mines, and prohibits the 

 employment of women. Times are changed with 

 coal- miners, the rate of their wages having of late 

 years been higher than that of almost any other 

 class of workmen. The chief coal-fields in Scot- 



land are those of Mid-Lothian, Fife, Lanark, Stir- 

 ling, and Ayrshire. 



Iron. Though, the existence of ironstone in 

 the Scotch coal-measures was known many years 

 previously, no attempt was made to turn it to 

 account till 1760, when the Carron Ironworks 

 were established. From this time till 1788, the 

 quantity of iron produced in Scotland did not 

 exceed 1500 tons a year ; but during the succeed- 

 ing eight years, a number of new furnaces were 

 erected in the counties of Lanark, Fife, and Ayr. 

 In 1796, the number of blast-furnaces was 17, and 

 the quantity of iron made that year was 18,640 

 tons. Thirty-three years afterwards, the produc- 

 tion was 29,000 tons ; and in 1836 the invention 

 of the hot-blast process raised it to 75,000 tons. 

 In 1845, owing chiefly to railways, the quantity 

 had increased 10475,000. In 1882, it was 1,126,000. 



Ship-building. Before the application of steam- 

 power to navigation, the ship-building trade of 

 the Clyde had reached considerable importance. 

 Up to 1830 not more than 5000 tons of steam- 

 shipping had been built on the Clyde. A great 

 advance was made about the year 1840 by the 

 formation of the celebrated Cunard Company, 

 most of whose members were citizens of Glasgow. 

 The total number of ships built in Scotland in 

 1884 was 358, with a tonnage of 221,635 ; of 

 these, 70 vessels of 50,900 tons were built for 

 foreigners. At Glasgow, in 1882, there were built 

 291 vessels, with a burden of 391,934 tons ; 37 

 of these were sailing-vessels, 172 were screw- 

 steamers, and 60 were built of steel. 



Fisheries. The herring-fishery of 1880 was the 

 greatest ever known on the coast of Scotland 

 before 1884. In 1884, the number of barrels 

 cured was 1,697,077; barrels 'branded,' 653,425; 

 exported, 1,185,220; while .10,890 were paid as 

 brand-fees. The value of the fisheries of Scot- 

 land in 1884 was as follows : 



Cured Fish 



Herrings 2,121,346 



Cod, ling, and hake 149,407 



ii 11 it dried and pickled 8,861 



Fish sold fresh 

 (White-fish) 



Haddocks 300,7*2 



Herrings 150,720 



Cod, ling, and hake 97.443 



Tusk and saithe 10,481 



Whitings 32,808 



Sprats 5.^3* 



Mackerel 5.286 



Turbot 9368 



Halibut 17.624 



Flounders 47. 723 



Skate M. 171 



Soles, &c 24.727 



(Shell-fish) 



Lobsters A29.94* 



Crabs 23,799 



Mussels i6,o6a 



Oysters, &c "1136 



2,279,614 



716,295 



Salmon. 



80,939 



250,000 



Total 3.326,848 



Manufactures. The Border towns, Hawick and 

 Galashiels, are the chief seats of the woollen manu- 

 factures of Scotland. About the year 1830, we 

 are told (see Bremner, p. 155), a Border firm sent 

 a quantity of ' tweels ' to London ; in the invoice 

 the word was written indistinctly, and was read 

 ' tweeds ' by the consignee, who, in ordering a new 

 supply, adopted what he considered to be a happy 

 designation, Sir W. Scott having then made the 



